Football Violence At Psg Parade – A Thematic Analysis Using Deindividuation Theory Case Study

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Introduction

Football violence has been worrying social psychologists for a long time, since it is often associated with group behaviour, aggression, and one’s sense of identity. At times, gatherings to celebrate big football games end up as wild events, which makes it challenging for public safety and brings about social tensions. By knowing the psychological causes of such actions, one can realize why people can make different choices in a group compared to being on their own.

For example, recent events include protests with violent scenes that arose during the PSG victory parade for the Champions League. It all began with excitement for the win, but later ended in disarray, with looting, police fights, and arrests of many people. Looking at the incident helps us to understand the effects group dynamics can have on people’s actions.

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This report carries out a Thematic Analysis to observe how reporters described the behaviour of the crowd in PSG’s parade. Using Deindividuation Theory, this concept explains that people can behave badly and aggressively while being part of a large group. The theory provides insight into how young people may ignore their own actions due to a sense of anonymity and feeling excited as a group.

First, the report describes what it aims to achieve and how it will analyse the information, and then it shares the results. In the end, the study reviews the researcher’s role, analyses what was found, and explains why using psychology is valuable in understanding social problems.

Aims and Method of Analysis

Rationale for the Study

This study looks at the way the media portrayed crowd violence during the PSG Champions League victory parade. There are many negative side effects of football violence, for example, public disorder, damage to property, and police may have to take action. Various recent studies underline the importance of finding out how mass gatherings and excitement among the crowd can lead people to act in ways they normally wouldn’t. The research aims to understand more about social psychology by looking at the story depicted in a leading online news report. Since the media affects people’s opinions, studying newspaper articles reveals how society comprehends and presents crowd behaviour.

Research Aim and Expectations

The first goal is to notice how the news article speaks about violence and judge how Deindividuation Theory can explain these observations. Themes like the lack of self-control, acts of aggression done anonymously, and the breakdown of usual social behavior are expected in the work. The purpose of the analysis is to note how crowd psychology, excitation, and anonymity are made clear or implied by the writer. It is predicted that findings will prove that media footage boosts emotions of disorder and notices situations when people cover their faces, dress like security guards, gather in large crowds, and get intoxicated. As a result, people can view media content from a psychological angle and confirm it using theories.

Football Violence At Psg Parade – A Thematic Analysis Using Deindividuation Theory Case Study

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Justification for Using Thematic Analysis

Using Thematic Analysis (TA), it is possible to detect patterns among various types of texts. The reflexive TA method proposed by Braun and Clarke in 2022 focuses on reviewing the data and on the researcher’s self-awareness. Unlike Content Analysis, TA gives a better attention to the “hidden” meanings and the author’s intentions. It helps to look at how one news story is told and structured, without involving big sets of data. Reflexive TA is encouraged because it helps examine how themes are formed by the researcher’s ideas and lets us relate the article to clinical psychology. So, TA allows researchers to find descriptions about the crowd as well as the stories behind their actions.

Comparison with Discourse Analysis and IPA

With Discourse Analysis (DA), researchers focus on languages and those in power, though this often makes it too detailed for one article analysis. It works better when studying the overall arguments occurring in several texts. In this context, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis is not suitable given that it looks at individual life experiences. Entirely different from either side, TA uses routine, clear, and flexible methods that support analysis of the hidden meaning without adding too much complexity for one text (Braun & Clarke, 2023). Using Reflexive TA makes it possible to combine theory and recognize the researcher’s impact, so Deindividuation Theory can be applied to the themes in articles.

Step-by-step Analytic Process

Applying Braun and Clarke’s suggestive six-phase TA strategy

Familiarisation: The article was examined carefully many times to grasp what it says. The authorities mentioned at the beginning the possibility of crowd misbehaviour.

Generating Initial Codes: The segments including crowd thickness, police activity, disorder, not seeing anyone’s face, and aggression were highlighted. There was no forced way of defining the themes; they were found naturally from the text itself.

Figure 1: Step-by-step Analytic Process

(Source: Self-Created)

Searching for Themes: Codes were grouped into provisional themes such as ‘anonymous aggression’, ‘emotional contagion’, ‘symbolic uniforms’, and ‘police–crowd conflict’.

Reviewing Themes: All themes present in the text were compared to make sure everything was consistently in line with each other. Similar or overlapping parts of the code were fixed or reworked.

Defining and Naming Themes: Different themes were created and explained in relation to Deindividuation aspects—an example being that ‘Loss of Identity’ deals with private identity while ‘Uniformed Disorder’ deals with being anonymous on the outside.

Producing Report: Some themes were chosen to be explained in greater detail and were backed up by direct quotes. The author made sure to link every theme with Deindividuation Theory, ensuring that the paper was psychologically relevant (Jnanathapaswi, 2021).

During the process, it was important to note how the researcher’s previous knowledge and theoretical perspective shaped the coming of themes.

Integration of Deindividuation Theory

According to Deindividuation Theory, when people are part of a crowd, anonymity, high emotions, and involvement with others reduce their awareness and allow them to behave in a negative way (Scott & Barlett, 2023). Through Zimbardo’s idea, the actions and experiences in the book can be explained by the influence of the situation on the participants (Perini & Sciara, 2022). With intensified arousal and too much sensory input, topics about ‘Emotional Contagion’ and ‘Uniformed Disorder’ suggest people become less aware of themselves.

The idea of ‘Loss of Identity’ clearly shows how people switch to following the crowd’s opinions. This approach gives room to define points by theory but is still flexible with unexpected topics (Robinson, 2022). So, TA helps explain how ideas expressed in text relate to psychological factors such as anonymity, others’ influence, and lower accountability.

Results and Findings

Thematic Analysis allowed exploring the ways the PSG Champions League parade incident was reflected in the chosen news article. Based on the data four major themes were extrapolated: (1) Anonymity and Masked Aggression, (2) Emotional Contagion and Crowd Arousal, (3) Police--Crowd Conflict and Diffusion of Responsibility, and (4) Normative Overshadowing and Group Permission. These themes portray various elements of crowd behaviour and are explained using Deindividuation Theory in order to comprehend how individuals can behave differently when they are in an emotionally arousing, anonymous group environment.

Theme 1: Anonymity and Masked Aggression

Throughout the article, brutal conduct is carried out by masked individuals or groups of people who acted violently and could not be easily recognised. One of them reads: “Riot police confronted PSG fans … rioters equipped with flares, bricks and metal poles.” The way the crowd is described indicates that quite a number of those involved could not be easily identified which made them feel safe with regard to facing the repercussions.

Deindividuation Theory suggests that individuals within a large group tend to experience reduced personal responsibility towards their actions due to the anonymity of the individual. The anonymity of people, in particular, at emotionally provoked events, can relax their normal social inhibitors and make aggression more probable. According to Nitschinsk et al. (2023), anonymity, particularly when it is applied in a group, may decrease the level of self-awareness and encourage the development of impulsive or dangerous behaviours. Likewise, Jaidka et al. (2022) believe that anonymity in networks can alter the mood of communication and behaviour, usually leading to aggressive acts. During group violence, the physical anonymity (masks) and the number of people present lessen the responsibility of the individual, which supports the concept of deindividuation. Chan et al. (2023) also discovered that online bystanders are more prone to becoming cyberbullies when they are deindividuated - this reflects the fact that the individuals in a crowd tend to behave worse when they are milling with other people who are also masked and angry.

This theme reveals that physical and psychological anonymity takes up a big role in changing a crowd that was celebrating to one that is aggressive.

Theme 2: Emotional Contagion and Crowd Arousal

The language employed in the article stresses a great emotional arousal in the crowd. Indicatively, it writes: “Paris erupted into a second night of violence … bonfires of burning cars and mattresses.” These descriptions do not indicate only the actions of individuals but the emotion spreading across the crowd.

Deindividuation Theory explains that group emotional excited states (celebrations, chanting, and conflict) may cause individual self-control to be temporarily set aside and they may find themselves going along with the emotional flow of the group. Lu and Hong (2022) demonstrate that it can take very little time to propagate emotions between people in a large group, especially when they are already emotionally engaged, e.g., fans cleaning a win. Lv et al. (2021) have discovered that panic and high-arousal emotions may develop rapidly, particularly during emergencies or crowd events. Van Haeringen et al. (2023) also mention that the agent-based modelling of crowd behaviour demonstrates that emotional contagion may contribute to collective action, including a violent one.

Here, the PSG celebration could have had emotional energy which led to impulsive and destructive behaviours. When some of them started to set fire or assault police, the emotional contagion spread rapidly, and other people found it easier to participate. An atmosphere where normal emotional restraints were minimized was provided by the euphoria of the occasion and anonymity.

Theme 3: Police–Crowd Conflict and Diffusion of Responsibility

The article reports on the targeting of the police forces with a top official quoted as saying: “Several thousand people were clearly there to vent their spleen on the security services.” There is evident language of confrontation between the crowd and the police in this language indicating that some people viewed the police as the target and not the authority figure.

It is also true that a loss of personal responsibility when in a crowd can be caused by deindividuation. In this situation, individuals might believe that their actions as individuals cannot be dissociated with the group. This spreading of the responsibility enables them to do things which they would not necessarily do on their own.

According to Kovalenko and Fenton (2024), when many people share the responsibility, bystander interventions are reduced. The concept is also evident in football where group-led aggression is evident. Lindsay et al. (2023) discovered that football cultural attitudes can standardise unfriendly behaviours when there are other people involved. Hope et al. (2023) elaborate that police presence at certain occasions aggravates the situation in football crowds, particularly when people perceive themselves to be misunderstood or stereotyped by the authorities.

This theme demonstrates how certain fans, as a part of the bigger group, might have felt less guilty about attacking police. The presence of the others, who take part in the violence, produces the effect of collective behaviour, in which no one feels responsible individually.

Theme 4: Normative Overshadowing and Group Permission

Later in the article, it is mentioned that “PSG responded by condemning the violence, saying that it did not represent the values of their fans … a minority engaged in violent behavior.” The given quote promotes the idea of a mismatch between the image of the club and the actions of the crowd. Although everyone may not be in favour of violence, group behaviour nevertheless took the cue of the more active participants.

Deindividuation does not imply that people lose all self-control randomly- in most cases it implies that they take on what they perceive to be group norms. When individuals within the crowd observe others acting violently, they might think that this is a permissible or even a required behaviour. According to Tian et al. (2022), football fans can rationalize violence in cases when they think that their peers support it or when they think that the circumstances endorse it. In addition, London et al. (2023) emphasize that self-awareness and group context determine adherence or defiance of group norms by individuals. According to Baker et al. (2024), major events such as football parades tend to create a grey area regarding personal accountability and give way to more severe behaviours to be normalised temporarily.

This theme demonstrates that violence may seem normal when it is committed in the course of mass gatherings, as long as the other people in the mass do not condemn it. The contagion of norm violation can occur even in the presence of disapproving fans, given good strong leaders in the crowd or examples.

Summary of Findings

These four themes demonstrate that the incident with the PSG parade was not only about physical violence, but it also included major psychological processes outlined in Deindividuation Theory. Anonymity assured them that they could do anything without being afraid of being identified. Emotional arousal decreased self-control and enhanced impulsive behaviour. The collective group environments disseminated personal accountability. And group norms, both actual and perceived, opened up the license to do things that would otherwise be thought better to avoid.

These processes are indicated in the thematic analysis in the way that the media story reflects them. Although the article considers visible events, the psychological mechanisms involved are much the same as social psychological theories of crowd behaviour. This discussion demonstrates that theory can be used to assist in making sense of news events in the real world and make more sense of the happening of crowd violence.

Discussion

Summary of Key Findings

The qualitative report investigated the coverage of the crowd violence during the Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) Champions League parade with the help of Thematic Analysis and Deindividuation Theory. Four themes were resolved: Anonymity and Masked Aggression, Emotional Contagion and Crowd Arousal, Police -Crowd Conflict and Diffusion of Responsibility, Normative Overshadowing and Group Permission. Those themes exposed the fact that people in huge emotionally excited crowds tend to commit the actions that they would not use in their ordinary life.

This was analysed to indicate that the physical anonymity; masks and the size of the crowd enabled the people to be aggressive without the fear of being identified and punished. The football victory spread emotional excitement, which seemingly led to hasty and disorderly behaviour. Violence between fans and policemen demonstrated the way in which individual responsibility might be diluted within a group. Lastly, there were fans who did what others did, although the activities contradicted the common practices of the group. Such findings confirm the main concepts of Deindividuation Theory according to which group environment can diminish personal identity, arousal level, and moral judgment.

Researcher’s Positionality and Bias

It is important to consider how the background of the researcher might have affected the analysis. The present report was prepared within the psychological perspective, which determined the choice of the Deindividuation Theory and the emphasis on the individual behaviour in a group environment (Do, 2025). The researcher has not seen the PSG parade with his own eyes but used only a single news article, which could be prepared with certain editorial motives.

Figure 2: Key Themes

(Source: Self-Created)

Psychological concepts, as opposed to political or social ones, were used to interpret the behaviour of the crowd. It entails the fact that some aspects, e.g., socio-economic tensions, media framing, or political unrest, might have been insufficiently researched (Kim, 2022). Violence and aggression were also a main concern of the researcher and other types of crowd expression such as solidarity or celebration might have been overlooked. The analysis is open and informed by ethics by acknowledging these shortcomings. Reflexivity constitutes a significant aspect of qualitative research, as it helps to make sure that a researcher is conscious of their impact on the results (Braun & Clarke, 2021).

Strengths and Limitations of Using a News Article as Data

A publicly available news article was a convenient source of access to real-world data. News stories provide descriptive details, quoted speech and emotional lingo, which can be convenient in determining patterns and themes. The article chosen contained both visual and verbal messages with the help of which the behaviour of the crowd could be comprehended. This rendered it compatible with Thematic Analysis, meaning-focused and text-pattern across (Terry et al. 2022).

However, media content should not be used as the sole source of data. News stories are composed to be attention getting and may be dramatic or selective in their language. This may influence the way that events are related and may blow some things out of proportion whilst overlooking others (Ittefaq et al. 2022). In this instance, the article placed much emphasis on the violence and police reaction without incorporating the opinion of non-violent fans or even PSG players. Due to this, the information can include media bias or assume the general opinion instead of a comprehensive image of the incident.

The lack of personal experiences of individuals in the crowd is another limitation as news articles do not provide such information. This limits the psychological penetration into what was happening to people in terms of their feelings or thoughts at that moment (Mughal et al. 2023). Nevertheless, the article proved helpful in the analysis of the ways in which violence was demonstrated in the mass media and how the actions of a group of people can be explained with the help of social psychology.

Evaluation of Thematic Analysis as a Method

Thematic Analysis belongs to the strategies that were appropriate in this report since it gave the researcher the chance to spot recurring concepts and make sense of the way crowd violence was mentioned. Braun and Clarke (2021) offer a six-step method that gave a nice structure to the data analysis process, including familiarisation, theme generation, and many steps in between. The thematic analysis was flexible to be applied to a short text and yield meaningful output.

The advantage of such an approach is that it can bring out not only direct messages (e.g., quotes about rioters) but also underlying meanings (e.g. group behaviour patterns). It also enabled the injection of Deindividuation Theory into analysis and it was easier to relate themes with psychological concepts.

However, Thematic Analysis relies considerably on the interpretation of the researcher as well. The amount of data was small because only one article was analysed. This complicates the possibility to ascertain the coherence of themes (Irvine & Rose, 2024). Also, since the technique is not anchored in quantitative data, it cannot give quantifiable outcomes or comparisons. Nevertheless, Thematic Analysis proved helpful in the process of exploring meanings in the article as well as detecting psychological patterns in describing the event.

Critical Application of Deindividuation Theory

Deindividuation Theory proved to be useful in explaining the themes in the news article. This theory contends that because of lack of self-awareness, individuals might act in ways they have not acted previously in large groups where anonymity is present. This could be noted in the theme of Anonymity and Masked Aggression in which many fans became violent as they were lost in the crowd. Science confirms such a connection between anonymity and aggression (Nitschinsk et al. 2023).

The article outlined pandemonium and enthusiasm scenes in the theme of Emotional Contagion and Crowd Arousal. This aligns with research that emotional excitement in the crowd can be transmitted rapidly and cause people to take spontaneous behavior (Lu & Hong, 2022). All these emotional conditions decrease personal control particularly when individuals are swept by the emotions of the moment.

The PoliceCrowd Conflict theme displayed how the fans directed their attention to the police officers at the scene. The Deindividuation Theory suggests that individuals within a group tend to experience a reduced sense of responsibility in regard to their behaviours since they assumedly think that other people have the same behaviour. The concept of diffusion of responsibility proves this idea (Kovalenko & Fenton, 2024). People can also feel safe in a numbers situation and not worried about punishment.

The last theme Normative Overshadowing and Group Permission displayed the impact of a minority violent fans had on the behaviour of the others. The club held condemnation of the violence but still some people participated. This implies that the group norms, which may or may not exist, may end up being stronger than individual values. It is revealed that within a state of deindividuation, individuals are likely to behave in accordance with what they perceive to be accepted by the group (Tian et al. 2022).

Although Deindividuation Theory can be used to explain much about the behaviour in the PSG parade, the theory perhaps fails to fully realise the place of media, culture, or personal intent. Others might have been planned or political or driven by any other motivation that is not included in this theory. Other psychological models could be applied in the future to study these factors in more detail.

Implications for Social Psychology and Future Research

This report indicates the utility of social psychological theories in explaining real life problems such as crowd violence. Application of Deindividuation Theory reveals that the behaviour of people is not only determined by personality, but also the environment, feelings and the social group. This confirms the notion that context contributes greatly to human behaviour particularly in mass events.

The results are also useful. This knowledge can help police and event organisers to manage crowds in a better way. As another example, anonymity (surveillance), arousal (calm messaging) and establishing group norms (fan leadership) can be violence-preventing factors. The principles can be implemented in the social arena through the collaboration of social psychologists with law enforcement.

In future studies, more voices need to be examined such as those of the fans, the organisers and the police officers. It is possible to use interviews, videos or posts in social media to have a better idea of the dynamics of the crowd. It is also possible to compare events in different countries and sports to demonstrate how cultural issues determine group behaviour. Lastly, it is worth noting that by integrating Deindividuation Theory with other frameworks, it is possible to present a more holistic picture of human behaviour in a crowd. In particular, pairing the former with Social Identity Theory or Moral Disengagement may help paint a fuller picture of why people do what they do when they are in a crowd.

Conclusion

The aim of this report was to examine the way football crowd violence was discussed in a news article on PSG Champions League parade and to make sense of such behaviour in terms of Deindividuation Theory. The procedure employed was that of Thematic Analysis, which assisted in the determination of recurrent themes within the wordings and descriptions utilized within the article. The four themes identified were Anonymity and Masked Aggression, Emotional Contagion and Crowd Arousal, Police--Crowd Conflict and Diffusion of Responsibility and Normative Overshadowing and Group Permission.

Those themes revealed that, in large, excited crowds, people can do things they would not ordinarily do, particularly when their identity is obscured, and passions are aroused. The results are consistent with Deindividuation Theory, which dictates that anonymity and the power of a group can help diminish self-awareness and individual responsibility. This is one reason why certain fans turned violent at the PSG parade although the occasion was supposed to be a celebration.

When psychological theory is applied to actual events in the world as has been done in this case, it can be said to be of value since it enables one to understand the behaviour in a more profound way than merely through headlines. It also gives information which can assist police, event organisers and communities in prevention of violence in future events.

Further research ought to consider multiple sources of data, including interviews or social media posts, to become familiar with various perspectives. It may also be possible to combine Deindividuation Theory with other theories in order to provide a more complete explanation of complex behaviours in crowds. Recognition of these patterns has significance in the enhancement of social harmony and public safety in large events.

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