Health Information And Health Informatics Assignment Sample

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Part A: Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the decline in kidneys' ability to filter the metabolic waste products from blood. Advanced chronic kidney disease can cause dangerous levels of electrolytes, fluid, as well as waste to build up in the body. Loss of kidney function can cause the buildup of body waste as well as electrolyte issues (Wilkinson et al, 2021). Early detection may assist in preventing the kidney disease from progressing to kidney failure. Most people with CKD control the condition with medicine as well as regular check-ups. This content is highly valuable for students seeking assignment help cheap to better understand CKD and its management.

Health Information And Health Informatics Assignment Sample

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Alan White 10 Years | MSc

1. Description of the disease

Define CKD and its relation with International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) codes

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) includes the measured loss of the kidney purpose. This means that the kidney is damaged and unable to the significant jobs such as keep blood normal as well as removes waste. CKD also enhances the risk of other health issues such as stroke as well as heart disease. This is comprised as a kidney damage less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months (Lawson et al, 2021). This is pathologic abnormalities which include abnormalities in urine or blood tests. When kidney does not work, wastage builds up in the blood as well as make people sick. The individual with the stage 5 of CKD has end stage renal disease (ESRD) with the GFR of 15ml/min or less. ICD-Code include N18.1: Chronic kidney disease, stage 1, N18.2: Chronic kidney disease, stage 2, N18.3: Chronic kidney disease, stage, N18.4: Chronic kidney disease, stage 4, N18.5: Chronic kidney disease, stage 5, N18.6: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) as we;; as N18.9: Chronic kidney disease, unspecified.

Explain how the condition is diagnosed

CKD can be diagnosed with the urine as well as blood tests. In the various cases, CKD is found in the routine blood test which shows that the kidney might not be working normally. Children and young individuals with the one kidney must test on the regular basis. Individuals taking the long-term medicines which might affect the kidney like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs must also be tested regularly. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) provides with the index of the kidney which differs according to the sex, age, decline with age as well as body size (Gu et al, 2023). Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) helps in detection of elevated protein which assess the albuminuria to test urinary ACR in urine sample. This is measured by the separating the albumin attentiveness by the creatinine concentration in grams.

Provide description of its pathology, aetiology, symptoms, and treatment

Pathology: CKD comprise regulatory functions which result in alterations in electrolyte as well as acid base balance which can be life-threatening. Anemias with bone marrow disease like myelofibrosis and leukemia can impact the bone marrow which makes blood.

Aetiology: Diabetic nephropathy is the common symptoms of the type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This can harm the blood vessels in the kidney which can filter waste from a blood (Thongprayoon et al, 2021).Urethra strictures (262) are secondary to the chronic instrumentation infection which is caused of the obstruction uropathy.

Symptoms: Asymptomatic are in the close contact with the infected person which does not need a test unless needed by the health care providers.

Treatment: A low-sodium diet is prescribed to the people with the specific medical circumstances such as heart failure, high blood pressure as well as kidney disease (Chesnaye et al, 2024).

2. Measures of disease burden in England

Description of the prevalence of CKD in England

CKD places the financial burden on the people with the disease and on carers with lost working days as well as morbidity. These morbidity effects can entail expenses on public purse with reduction in tax revenue as well as enhance in benefit payments. CKD is a progressive condition which impact >10% of population globally amount to >800 million peoples (Kovesdy, 2022). In the dynamic landscape of healthcare, cost containment ensure affordability, accessibility as well as sustainability of the medical services.

Figure 1: Expected CKD stage 3-5 prevalence

Figure 2: Expected growth in the number of people in England with CKD stage 3-5, 2011 – 2036

Compare disease prevalence in England to that in other countries

CKD is an asymptomatic condition with prevalence with 15% in England in population aged >35 years. CKD affects the 14.9% of US population in which the high prevalence are females. The leading cause of CKD is hypertension, diabetes as well as glomerular disease in patient older than 65 years. The prevalence of the stage 3 to 5 CKD in Japan is 18.7% (Gupta, 2021). In the low and middle income countries people are witnessing the major shift towards the raised blood pressure. Efficient management of the comorbid diabetes as well as hypertension in the patients with the CKD is significant for the optimal results.

Present data from England and consider their reliability

The quality and outcomes framework (QOF) is referred as a voluntary annual reward as well as incentive programs which all doctors’ practices within England (NHS quality and outcome framework, 2024). Doctors documented CKD in 31.4% of the patients. The Hospital Episode Statistic (HES) contain the data about the patient admitted to NHS hospitals within England. CKD is significant contributor in mortality from noncommunicable disease.

Compare incidence of CKD in different regions of England

Disparities in CKD are related with the various factors like gender, socioeconomic status as well as race. Low and middle income nations have the extra burden of the communicable as well as noncommunicable diseases which contribute in high incidence of CKD. Population development, ageing as well as enhanced burden of diabetes as well as hypertension are the foremost drivers of CKD in advanced economies (Banerjee et al, 2022). Various factors drive CKD incidence such as primary risk factors, hypertension as well as ageing population. This variation is because of lifestyle factors, genetic factors as well as patient access to healthcare services.

3. Demographic variation

Describe how prevalence of CKD varies with age, sex, ethnicity, and socio-economic groups

Health-impeding social determinants of health include reduce access to care which contribute in socioeconomic and racial disparities within CKD. Diabetes is the major risk issues for the CKD, as people with the diabetes are more susceptible in emerging the renal difficulties (Sisk et al, 2024). This is domineering to implement operational diabetes management strategies to unvarying the blood sugar levels as well as avert the kidney impairment. Management of the kidney disease plays a vital role preserving the renal function as well as prevent diabetes in people at the risk. Women are more probable to have the CKD than men. However, uncontrolled blood pressure is more within the men with the chronic kidney disease as well as conceivable risk factor for the CKD progression than in the women. Hypertension is the major risk factor in developing the chronic kidney disease, suffer from cardiovascular disease as well as progressing to end-stage kidney disease. Ethnic minority people are more probable to have the high prevalence of the end stage renal failure as compared with the white majority population in England.

South Asians are at the higher risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension as well as CKD as compared with the other ethnic groups. Health inequalities are variations in the health status of health resources among the different population groups. Low income person face challenges in healthful eating which might enhance the risk of kidney disease. Individual of low socioeconomic status practice the food insecurity which is the main risk factor for the CKD (Köttgen et al, 2022). Because of complex kidney disease care and its provision is connected with public policies as well as financial status of the nations.

CKD are more prevalent in the old people, racial minorities, women as well as people experiencing with diabetes mellitus along with hypertension. Unhealthy dietary patterns are linked with the low renal function as well as a better prevalence of CKD (Sundström et al., 2022). The inadequate awareness as well as control of diabetes as well as hypertension raise the health burden of CKD in England.

Figure 3: Diabetic variation

4. Temporal variation

Describe long-term trends in the prevalence of CKD

Chronic kidney disease impacts the large number of people in UK. CKD prevalence is variations by the strong reduction in blood pressure, low cholesterol levels as well as physical undertakings. In comparison, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes has enhance the moderately but a proportion of diabetes patients with CKD reduced. In the patients with the CKD, treatments with finernone outcome in low risks of CKD progression as well as cardiovascular events (Kalantar-Zadeh et al 2021). However, patients do not feel supported in maintaining the kidney function within the early stage of the disease. Urinary tract challenges as well as inflammation in several regions of the kidney can lead to long-term functional decline. Diagnosing as well as treating the CKD early might assist stopping it from advancing. In Hemodialysis, blood is pumped out from the body with the tube which eliminate the waste as well as fluid before it send back to the body.

Figure 4: Obesity variation

Reasons for change at different periods

The screening program facilitate in the early detection of the hypertension as well as prediabetes (Ramos et al, 2024). Both expanding pharmacological as well as lifestyle changes can decrease the risk of progression of CKD as well as other health related complications. Screening includes the blood test to estimate Egfr, Urine as well as blood pressure check. The further investigations might assist in determining the underlying pathology. Timely management may reduce burden of kidney failure as well as linked cardiovascular mortality. Lifestyle physical activity interventions efficiently enhance the level of physical activity that meets public health guidelines. Poor access as well as low socioeconomic status can lead to health care disparities which lead to the negative influence of genetic predisposition.

Kidney transplantation promotes the expansion of reduced donor transplant programs as well as the use of generic immunosuppressive drugs (Evans et al, 2022). However, Low socioeconomic status as well as poor access to care contributes to the healthcare disparities which have a negative influence on the genetic predisposition.

Conclusion

In conclusion, CKD is a global public health challenge with the economic and social consequences. Early treatments hold the major potential as highly informative tools which contribute in the early recognition of the management of CKD. Economic as well as epidemiological data highlight that kidney disease must be positioned on the international public health agenda. Adequate nutrition is the key in reducing the burden of CKD. Early diagnosis as well as management of CKD are vital in preventing the disease progression as well as reduce the risk of adverse health outcomes. Continuous evaluation and monitoring policy implementation permit the improved understanding of barriers which facilitate in the CKD prevention.

Part B: Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as a gradual decline of kidney function and is a growing public health concern (Wilson et al., 2021). The patient and societal burden implied by the high cost of managing CKD from the local region has, therefore, led to the realization of the need to develop new approaches to support CKD patient self-management to reduce costs. Enabling recent information technology (IT) presents early emerging solutions, where health solutions, wearable technologies, and telemedicine avail fresh approaches to enfranchise patients, improving the quality of care and lowering the costs of health care services.

Methodology for Literature Search

Databases Searched

The search was performed using established academic and healthcare databases, including:

• PubMed: For peer-reviewed articles in the fields of medicine and healthcare.
• Cochrane Library: For systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
• Scopus: For interdisciplinary research, including studies on health technology and informatics.
• Google Scholar: To identify additional grey literature and recently published studies.

Search Terms

• “Chronic kidney disease” OR “CKD”
• “Self-management” AND “digital health interventions”
• “mHealth” OR “mobile health” AND “CKD”
• “Wearable devices” OR “telemedicine” AND “CKD management”
• “Smartphone applications” AND “CKD outcomes”

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

• Studies published within the last five years (2019–2024).
• Peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.
• Studies evaluating the effectiveness of IT-based interventions for CKD.
• Articles provide quantitative outcomes such as adherence rates, clinical improvements, or cost savings.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Studies focused on conditions other than CKD.
• Non-English language articles.
• Low-quality studies or those lacking robust data (e.g., insufficient sample size or no control group).

Overview of IT-Based Interventions for CKD

IT-based interventions offer innovative ways to improve self-management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Peng et al., 2019). These interventions enable patient activation, help in health self-management, and enhance various care services in progressing healthcare settings. Such features allow the patient to deal with the condition more efficiently (Shen et al., 2018). Taking from the study of a randomized controlled trial showed that a CKD-specific mHealth application lowered the patient’s blood pressure and enhanced medication compliance, whereby the patient reported an increase in medication adherence by 15%, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05).

These platforms allow for vital signs updates, including blood pressure and creatinine levels, and help clinicians make relevant interventions much sooner. Another systematic review also showed that telemedicine cut hospital admissions by 18% and reported higher patient satisfaction than face-to-face services (Shen et al., 2018).

Wearable devices are helpful since they monitor body parameters constantly, including blood pressure, heart rate, hydration levels, and physical processing. These devices provide a central function to the early identification of potential CKD complications (Peng et al., 2019). By offering CKD patients telehealth services with wearable technology, emergency room visits decreased by 12 % for clinical and economic benefits.

Potential Benefits of IT-Based Interventions

Using technologies and information technology in managing CKD presents several benefits of mHealth applications, wearable devices, and telemedicine. Such interventions offer the benefits of allowing patients to monitor themselves in real-time and enable access to other educational information (Wilson et al., 2021). For instance, mHealth apps improve medication compliance and dietary conformity, improving health returns. Telemedicine eliminates or minimizes the chances of patients making multiple appointments, which is suitable for patients and the health system. Studies prove that HHP provides real-time monitoring of health indicators, thus identifying potential complications and better treatment outcomes. Also, the solutions help to save money due to decreased hospitalization rates and pre-hospital emergency healthcare consumption (Wilson et al., 2021).

Challenges in Implementation

Although IT-based interventions have many benefits, they have many implementation challenges (Keyworth et al., 2018). Some challenges include a lack of understanding of the available technology, which can be attributed to the following aspects of the patients, mainly older ones and those from low-income societies. Moreover, implementing digital solutions into the current infrastructure and EHR has key technical and practical challenges. Data privacy and security regulation, especially concerning GDPR and HIPAA, are key issues that are significant challenges (Keyworth et al., 2018). These could include factors such as the cost base of implementing the IT solutions because the initial investment required to develop such solutions would prove costly for the HC providers and institutions.

Recommendations for Implementation

A combination strategy is necessary to fully facilitate implementing IT-based interventions for managing CKD (Ameh et al., 2020). However, it is noteworthy that key or major costs will likely be incurred initially on stocking these tools, and therefore, policies such as subsidies to support the start-up costs for their application should be expected from policymakers. There is still much that healthcare systems need to do to make sure that patients and providers can equitably use technologies in healthcare so that these technologies serve to support and enhance clinical care (Shlipak et al., 2020). Direct cooperation between hi-tech companies and healthcare facilities can improve the application of IT solutions, including eHealth Records, into the existing environment.

References

Books and Journals

• Ameh, O.I., Ekrikpo, U., Bello, A. and Okpechi, I. (2020). Current Management Strategies of Chronic Kidney Disease in Resource-Limited Countries. International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease, Volume 13, pp.239–251. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/ijnrd.s242235.
• Banerjee, D., Winocour, P., Chowdhury, T.A., De, P., Wahba, M., Montero, R., Fogarty, D., Frankel, A.H., Karalliedde, J., Mark, P.B. and Patel, D.C., 2022. Management of hypertension and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in adults with diabetic kidney disease: Association of British Clinical Diabetologists and the Renal Association UK guideline update 2021. BMC nephrology, 23, pp.1-31.
• Chesnaye, N.C., Ortiz, A., Zoccali, C., Stel, V.S. and Jager, K.J., 2024. The impact of population ageing on the burden of chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 20(9), pp.569-585.
• Evans, M., Lewis, R.D., Morgan, A.R., Whyte, M.B., Hanif, W., Bain, S.C., Davies, S., Dashora, U., Yousef, Z., Patel, D.C. and Strain, W.D., 2022. A narrative review of chronic kidney disease in clinical practice: current challenges and future perspectives. Advances in therapy, 39(1), pp.33-43.
• Gonzalez-Perez, A., Saez, E. M., Vizcaya, D., Lind, M. and Rodriguez, A. L., 2020. Impact of chronic kidney disease definition on assessment of its incidence and risk factors in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the UK: A cohort study using primary care data from the United Kingdom. Primary Care Diabetes, 14(4). pp.381-387
• Gu, Y., Li, H., Ma, H., Zhang, S., Meng, G., Zhang, Q., Liu, L., Wu, H., Zhang, T., Wang, X. and Zhang, J., 2023. Consumption of ultraprocessed food and development of chronic kidney disease: the Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health and UK Biobank Cohort Studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 117(2), pp.373-382.
• Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Jafar, T.H., Nitsch, D., Neuen, B.L. and Perkovic, V., 2021. Chronic kidney disease. The lancet, 398(10302), pp.786-802.
• Keyworth, C., Hart, J., Armitage, C.J. and Tully, M.P. (2018). What maximizes the effectiveness and implementation of technology-based interventions to support healthcare professional practice? A systematic literature review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 18(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0661-3.
• Köttgen, A., Cornec-Le Gall, E., Halbritter, J., Kiryluk, K., Mallett, A.J., Parekh, R.S., Rasouly, H.M., Sampson, M.G., Tin, A., Antignac, C. and Ars, E., 2022. Genetics in chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney international, 101(6), pp.1126-1141.
• Lawson, C.A., Seidu, S., Zaccardi, F., McCann, G., Kadam, U.T., Davies, M.J., Lam, C.S., Heerspink, H.L. and Khunti, K., 2021. Outcome trends in people with heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in the UK over twenty years. EClinicalMedicine, 32.
• Peng, S., He, J., Huang, J., Lun, L., Zeng, J., Zeng, S., Zhang, L., Liu, X. and Wu, Y. (2019). Self-management interventions for chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrology, [online] 20(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1309-y.
• Ramos, M., Gerlier, L., Uster, A., Muttram, L., Frankel, A.H. and Lamotte, M., 2024. Cost-effectiveness of empagliflozin as add-on to standard of care for chronic kidney disease management in the United Kingdom. Journal of Medical Economics, (just-accepted), pp.1-15.
• Shen, H., van der Kleij, R., van der Boog, P.J., Chang, X. and Chavannes, N. (2018). eHealth self-management interventions for chronic kidney disease: systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence (Preprint). Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(11). doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/12384.
• Shlipak, M.G., Tummalapalli, S.L., Boulware, L.E., Grams, M.E., Ix, J.H., Jha, V., Kengne, A.P., Madero, M., Mihaylova, B., Tangri, N., Cheung, M., Jadoul, M., Winkelmayer, W.C. and Zoungas, S. (2020). The Case for Early Identification and Intervention of Chronic Kidney Disease: Conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney International, 99(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.012.
• Sisk, R., Cameron, R., Tahir, W. and Sammut-Powell, C., 2024. Diagnosis codes underestimate chronic kidney disease incidence compared with eGFR-based evidence: a retrospective observational study of patients with type 2 diabetes in UK primary care. BJGP open, 8(1).
• Sundström, J., Bodegard, J., Bollmann, A., Vervloet, M.G., Mark, P.B., Karasik, A., Taveira-Gomes, T., Botana, M., Birkeland, K.I., Thuresson, M. and Jäger, L., 2022. Prevalence, outcomes, and cost of chronic kidney disease in a contemporary population of 2· 4 million patients from 11 countries: The CaReMe CKD study. The Lancet Regional Health–Europe, 20.
• Thongprayoon, C., Kaewput, W., Choudhury, A., Hansrivijit, P., Mao, M.A. and Cheungpasitporn, W., 2021. Is it time for machine learning algorithms to predict the risk of kidney failure in patients with chronic kidney disease?. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(5), p.1121.
• Wilkinson, T.J., Miksza, J., Yates, T., Lightfoot, C.J., Baker, L.A., Watson, E.L., Zaccardi, F. and Smith, A.C., 2021. Association of sarcopenia with mortality and end‐stage renal disease in those with chronic kidney disease: a UK Biobank study. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 12(3), pp.586-598.
• Wilson, S., Mone, P., Jankauskas, S.S., Gambardella, J. and Santulli, G. (2021). Chronic kidney disease: Definition, updated epidemiology, staging, and mechanisms of increased cardiovascular risk. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 23(4), pp.831–834. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.14186.

Online

• Gupta, R., 2021. Epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease. Online. Available through. :<https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/>.
• Kovesdy, C., 2022. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease. Online. Available through. :<https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9073222/>.
• NHS quality and outcome framework. 2024. Online. Available through. :<https://qof.digital.nhs.uk/>.
• Public Health England. 2025. Chronic kidney disease prevalence model. Online. Available through: < https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a82c379e5274a2e8ab593af/ChronickidneydiseaseCKDprevalencemodelbriefing.pdf>.
• Chronic kidney disease, 2025. Online. Available through: < https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-for-england/2022-part-2/kidney-disease#renal-function-and-ckd-stage-based-on-egfr-and-urine-albumin>.