HLTH08006 Psychology for Health and Wellbeing Component 2 case study

• Type Case Study
• Downloads543
• Pages9
• Words2366

Introduction - HLTH08006 Psychology for Health and Wellbeing Component 2 case study

1. General introduction.

In this report, information on the health behavior change is evaluated using the example of a 54-year-old man, Milon, who is facing a couple of health issues linked to his lifestyle choices. The report will start with a review of Milon's physical, mental, social, and religious problems, and it will base this on the biopsychosocial model. It will then use the Health Belief Model to determine his present health behaviors. It is suggested that Motivational Interviewing can be used as an appropriate intervention that would help to achieve behavior change.

HLTH08006 Psychology for Health and Wellbeing Component 2 case study

Liked This Case Study? Hire Me Now

Stefan Bell 5 Years | MSc in Clinical Health Sciences

2. Case Outline.

Biopsychosocial model

Biological / Physical issue

Milon is a 54-year-old bus driver who has a physically inactive lifestyle. Milon’s GP would recommend watching his weight and avoiding developing type 2 diabetes since he is overweight. Milon is eating fast food and snacks mostly every day, and smokes 10 cigarettes per day. Milon feels constantly tired and has complained of general practitioner (GI) of his physical condition, such as lack of concentration and feeling tired.

Aiming for top grades? Our Assignment Help For Students gives you expert guidance, custom-written solutions, and 24/7 support, all delivered before your deadline.

Psychological issue

Milon portrays a lack of motivation, decreased concentration, and tiredness, which can be an early indication of depression (Mescouto et al.2022). Milon’s withdrawal into activities and people that he used to enjoy also indicates deterioration of his mental state.

Social issue

Milon is living in a deprived place in solitude and is detached. Milon is separated and maintains very little relationship with his children, who stay at a distance of 50 miles. The only people Milon has close contact with his sister and his family, and even they have had less time together (Roberts, 2023). The fact that he works the night shift also adds to his bad habit and inability to take good care of himself.

Spiritual issue

Milon attends a local Mosque, but he has not been going there of late, and this means that he has lost his spiritual attachment.

3. Illness Behaviours.

The HBM (Health Belief Model) model

Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and Kegels are social psychologists who designed the Health Belief Model (HBM) in the 1950s to predict health behaviors, especially concerning the utilization of health services (Maseko et al.2022). According to the model, an individual's health beliefs about the nature of the health problem, felt benefits to action, and the cues to action could determine the behavior related to health (Devi et al.2022).

Perceived susceptibility

This element is the belief held by a person regarding his or her risk of getting a condition. In the scenario of Milon, despite his GP suspecting that he might be having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Milon had not been taking any proactive action in managing his risk (Jiang et al.2021). The continued unhealthy eating, failure to exercise, and continued smoking imply low perceived susceptibility. He is not necessarily aware of the severity or the urgency of the development of diabetes.

Perceived severity

Milon does not seem to consider all the effects of T2DM. Although feeling tired and unable to concentrate, he has lost interest in social and spiritual life. This might be a sign of emotional withdrawal instead of a lack of urgency (Taflinger, and Sattler 2024). Milon’s ineffective actions might be related to the poor awareness of the serious complications that diabetes can cause, as far as the long-term outcome of his health and life quality are concerned.

Perceived benefits

In case Milon has a belief that a change of lifestyle can result in improved health and well-being through improving diet, increasing physical activity, and quitting smoking, he is likely to be motivated to change (Asefa et al.2022). However, he appears not to be convinced or aware of these advantages currently, which is why he does nothing.

Perceived barriers

Milon experiences various obstacles a shortage of time and energy because of working shifts, financial difficulties, inability to be motivated, and signs of depression (Jorvand et al.2021). This feeling of hardship lowers his chances of embracing more healthy behaviors, notwithstanding their potential advantages, even in cases where he acknowledges these advantages.

Cues to action

A major contributing factor has been the worry of his sister to the extent that Milon has tried to contact his GP (General Practitioner). Such an exogenous signal may represent the beginning point of a future behavior change, provided it is facilitated accordingly.

Self-efficacy

Milon might not be confident in his capacity to make permanent changes, especially when he has little support afterward and burns out (Alyafei, and Easton-Carr 2024). The improvement of his self-efficacy is also essential in the long-term behavior change.

4. Intervention Discussion.

Motivational interviewing (MI)

The Motivational Interviewing (MI) process was invented by two clinical psychologists, William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick, in the early 1980s. It is a directive approach that is client-centered to increase the motivation of an individual who wants to change by clarifying and overcoming ambivalence. The method also focuses on the partnership between the practitioner and the client and encourages the independence of a person and empowers them to become responsible in implementing change (Steffen et al.2021). MI does not confront but goes on to use emotion, listening, and reflective talk to elicit one's reasons to change. It is also suitable in health-related behaviors, e.g., better diet, more activity, less smoking, thus it is very fitting in Milon.

MI’s Four Key Principles (OARS)

In Motivational Interviewing (MI), there are four fundamental communication strategies also referred to as the OARS mnemonic (Open-ended questions, Affirmations, reflective listening, and Summarizing). The methods contribute to the development of rapport, to the creation of change talk, and the autonomy of the individual.

Open-ended questions

These questions make the client expand on their thoughts and feelings. In the case of Milon, queries to ask the patient would be, what are you most worried about when it comes to your health today? Or how do you perceive your lifestyle impacting your wellbeing? As it can give insight on his behavior by allowing him to think about the reasons to change thus increasing participation and self-insight.

Affirmations

There are affirmations that concern acknowledging and encouraging the action of the client or their strengths or efforts. As an example, one can say, to Milon, pointing out the fact that he followed his sister: “It is good that you listened to your sister and went to the doctor,” will make him feel good and justified in his capacity to make positive changes and strengthen his feeling of self-efficacy.

Reflective listening

The method expresses compassion and assists the practitioner in understanding the perception of client in a better way (Gary et al.2022). Paraphrasing, echoing Milon, like him saying that he feels like you have been feeling exhausted and cut off, can help him to feel that he was heard and understood, to limit the defense, and allow moving further and discussing the change.

Summarizing

The key points of what the client has granted are gathered with the help of summaries, which strengthen his/her motivations and focus on ambivalence (Nwiloh, 2022). In the case of Milon, he can be summarized by saying that he said he was concerned about his health, feeling low on energy, and wanting to feel better in the eyes of his children; those are things that he should consider.

Apply MI to Milon’s case

Exploring ambivalence

The Motivational Interviewing (MI) is especially suitable in work with ambivalence, which Milon has toward his health behaviors. His diet is poor, he is inactive, and still smokes, but the patient visited his GP, which is the first step toward change (Fifield et al.2024). A practitioner with the help of MI would help Milon articulate his mixed feelings, which may include the realization of the health merits of quitting, whereas on the other hand, he would yield to how easy it is to go and smoke when one is on duty. By investigating this ambivalence without being critical, Milon can balance the advantages and disadvantages using his own words, which can make him shift closer to change.

Addressing low self-efficacy and fatigue

Milon sounds tired and unmotivated, which implies a decreased level of self-efficacy. MI can assist him to acknowledge his previous achievements or strengths e.g., that he tried to take up work despite his health condition, with reflections and affirmations (Webb, 2023). Practitioners should prove how demanding shift work and fatigue can be, and then assist Milon in finding feasible changes that do not seem far-fetched, but instead are attainable.

Finding internal motivation

MI helps the client to discover the motive to change themselves. In the case of Milon, the intrinsic motivation can be a wish to become more energetic, to spend time with his children again, or to start attending his spiritual faith, the Mosque (Arnett et al.2022). Discovering what is most important to him is one step to developing the feeling of purpose, which motivates behavior changes.

Goal setting and behavior change

MI encourages people to take small, achievable goals. In the case of Milon, it may involve taking more walks, cooking at least once a week over the stove, or quitting smoking slowly. These bite-sized, doable objectives are useful in developing momentum and confidence (Yoadsomsuay et al.2022). In the long run, steps would help to facilitate more changes in his lifestyle following the values of Milon and his health requirements, affirming his independence and dedication to change.

Expected outcomes

As a result of the Motivational Interviewing technique, Milon will be more self-motivated in terms of looking after himself, hence making better decisions on diet and exercise. Once he is starting to make small, manageable steps towards addressing the problem, possible changes in the psychological well-being, e.g., the energy levels, mood, will set in (Lema, 2022). The smoking and diet changes over the same period may lead to the control or avoidance of type 2 diabetes, resulting in a more equal and satisfactory life.

5. Conclusion.

In this report, the complex relationship between biological, psychological, social, and spiritual life was addressed that influences the health of Milon, in the background of which there was a discussion of how the lifestyle and the surrounding environment of Milon may contribute to the eventual disturbance of type 2 diabetes. The Health Belief Model has been used to interpret the effects that perceptions towards risk, seriousness, perceived benefits, and barriers have on the illness behaviors of Milon, especially when it comes to smoking, diet, and inactivity. Motivational Interviewing was found as an appropriate, individual-centered intervention to enable Milon to discuss his ambivalence and help him to strengthen self-efficacy and facilitate a gradual and sustainable behavior change. Through open communication and respectful collaboration, MI can help Milon identify his goals and objectives to be achieved that align with his values, like going back to his family and faith. This case supports the importance of a totalistic approach when both physical symptoms and psychological and social impacts on health are taken into consideration. The knowledge of psychological models and interventions is necessary to help sustain behavior change throughout the individual and help people self-manage their health better.

6. Reflection.

The case of Milon has enabled me to have a deeper insight into the multilateral factors that affect health behaviors. I have understood how the Health Belief Model could be used in explaining the mind of a person, whereas Motivational Interviewing provides practical tools that one could use in facilitating change. The exercise has enhanced my belief in assuring others of the obstacles to healthy lifestyles. The combination of theory and intervention allowed me to understand the necessity of a person-centered approach in health promotion and behavior change support in real life.

7. Reference List.

Journal

• Alyafei, A. and Easton-Carr, R., 2024. The health belief model of behavior change. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
• Arnett, M., Roger, K., Evans, M. and Reibel, Y., 2022. Effectiveness of brief motivational interviewing on periodontal patients’ importance, interest, and self-efficacy: A randomized clinical trial. Interest, and Self-Efficacy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
• Asefa, A., Midaksa, G., Qanche, Q., Wondimu, W., Nigussie, T., Bogale, B., Birhanu, F., Asaye, Z., Mohammed, N. and Yosef, T., 2022. Does the perception of HIV risk among Female sex workers affect HIV prevention behavior? application of the Health Belief Model (HBM). BMC Public Health, 22(1), p.1646.
• Devi, B., Devi, R., Pradhan, S. and Lepcha, N., 2022. Theory at a glance: Health belief models in predicting health behaviors. Journal of Bio Innovation, 11(2), pp.410-421.
• Fifield, P., MLADC, J.S., Minski, S. and Carty, J., 2024. 22 Motivational and Lifestyle Interviewing Change. Lifestyle Medicine, p.240.
• Gary, A., Kiper, V. and Geist, R., 2022. An introduction to motivational interviewing. Nursing made Incredibly Easy, 20(2), pp.32-39.
• Jiang, L., Liu, S., Li, H., Xie, L. and Jiang, Y., 2021. The role of health beliefs in affecting patients’ chronic diabetic complication screening: a path analysis based on the health belief model. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(19-20), pp.2948-2959.
• Jorvand, R., Haerimehrizi, A.A. and Tavousi, M., 2021. Effect of perceived barriers and self-efficacy on daily exercise among employees using HBM. Health Education and Health Promotion, 9(1), pp.35-40.
• Lema, A., 2022. Type 2 Diabetes: Motivational Interviewing Improving Clients’ Dieting and Exercise.
• Maseko, T.N., Huang, H.C. and Lin, K.C., 2021. Cervical cancer screening behavior of African women: The Rosenstock health belief model assessment. Health Care for Women International, 42(7-9), pp.976-991.
• Mescouto, K., Olson, R.E., Hodges, P.W. and Setchell, J., 2022. A critical review of the biopsychosocial model of low back pain care: time for a new approach?. Disability and Rehabilitation, 44(13), pp.3270-3284.
• Nwiloh, M.O., 2022. Utilizing Motivational Interviewing Intervention to Improve Compliance with Self-Care Among Hispanic Adults with Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension.
• Roberts, A., 2023. The biopsychosocial model: Its use and abuse. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 26(3), pp.367-384.
• Steffen, P.L., Mendonça, C.S., Meyer, E. and Faustino-Silva, D.D., 2021. Motivational interviewing in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension in primary health care: an RCT. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 60(5), pp.e203-e212.
• Taflinger, S. and Sattler, S., 2024. A situational test of the health belief model: How perceived susceptibility mediates the effects of the environment on behavioral intentions. Social Science & Medicine, 346, p.116715.
• Webb, L., 2023. Principles, tools and techniques for brief behaviour change interventions. Nursing Standard, 38(2), pp.e12025-e12025.
• Yoadsomsuay, P., Phukao, D. and Pangma, A., 2022. Mechanism of Changes within Motivational Interviewing in Relation to Dietary Behavior Outcome of Diabetics Patients in Thailand. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 105(7).