The Design of Buildings Assignment Sample

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Introduction to The Design of Buildings Assignment Sample

The design of the building is crucial for urban living and creating a living approach. A suitable design with an appropriate choice of materials not only creates a design. The building is proposed into the approach of the University of Westminster, Harrow Campus site. The proposed site is 50*50 m and nearer to the vacant land. The approach the building should be related to the spacious living and consideration of the sustainable systems. The requirement is 4 bedrooms, two stories with the ground floor WC. The plan needs to be suitable for a family. The design aims to make the building with spacious floored and spacious approach of light and air. The measurement of the floor and the building element should be matched with the part K and M of the building legislation.

The Design of Buildings Assignment Sample

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Discussion

The building needs to be sustainable well shaped and should be concise with the recommendations of Part M and K. This recommendation tends to maintain the approach of spacious living and consideration (Zhao et al. 2022). This approach should be in a precise manner of the systems. The method of design mainly follows the approach of part k which is resistance of falling. The possibilities of the approach of falling resistance which is mainly considered the guard rail and guard line of the staircase. The methods need to be some approach

Integration of Structural and Regulatory Requirements

The structural system focused on a moment-resisting steel frame and adopted the UBs and UCs due to superior strength-to-weight ratio and flexibility in design. They used profiled steel decking with in-situ concrete wherein the floor systems had composite action to make it more stiffer and to minimize deflection under education usage load classes.

Regulations, especially the ones that pertain to Document K, helped significantly to define elements such as staircases, guards, and balustrades (Pan et al. 2023). Staircases were kept with a Standard rise of 170 mm and a Standard going of 250 mm as mentioned in the K1 clause 1.3. All the stair flights included building a standard number of risers and goings, handrails on both side, and anti-skid flooring. For specific access, the width of the stairs was increased to a clear width of 1200mm for single-direction traffic and this complies with the minimum stated in K1 Table 1.1 to general conditions.

Line loads for balustrades and guarding were provided as per BS EN 1991-1-1 Table NA.6 and heights were fixed at 1100 mm minimum for landings and 900 mm for stairs by K2 Clause 2.4. Susceptible areas were guarded and designed without openable gaps so that the chances of a fall were fully prohibited.

Staircase and landing: The approach of the case is vital in Part K because the consideration of the stair hight with the head clearance is 2000 mm at least. The stair width is 900 mm minimum and consideration for the height. the handrail should be under the appropriate protection. The width of the staircase should be a considerable manner of the appropriate nature of the assessments (Wang, 2023). The protection should be under the approach of the guidance. The stair height for this residential building should be 150 mm due to the consideration of the safe height.

Guardrail: The approach of the guardrail has many things to do. Generally the guardrail is used for the restricting free fall. The recommendation is so unique that it is safe to kids and there are many approaches in that. The possibilities of the assessment for the general assembled stair should be accessible for the approach. The approach should be assessed with the conditions.

Accessibility and Inclusive Design-Document M

Access strategies and circulation were mainly defined by Document M. Key features of good layout consisted of a ramp access, wide doors, wide corridors and a staircase with an accessible WC on both levels. Doors conformed to the minimum effective clear width of 825mm for principal entrance and internal doors in education (ref M2 Clause 2.20/ Table 2.1). Roads were level or ramps for wheelchair exercises and all doors were fitted with vision panel according to the provision of M2 Clause 2.22.

Turning circles for wheelchairs could provided in circulation areas and were of a 1500mm diameter while corridor widths were maintained at 1800mm in areas of primary movement (Towler and Sinnott 2021). Lifts could provided where necessary based on the vertical access strategy as adopted in the context of ‘inclusive design’, and corridors gave direct access to every room and most other communal areas.Although in the Main systems no lift or turning corridors are used because of ample spacing. The entrance is not much high above the ground and more spacious.

Inside path networks had features of tactile, handrails of appropriate profile and color contrast (as per M2 Clause 2.36), and an appropriate quantity of internal lighting was integrated and ensured effective access for all users. Furniture, lockers, and doors were well-positioned to provide enough space to move around, especially at the junctions of corridors and exterior WCs.

Methodology of Design

The structural design process started with functional considerations of the building use with references to the room, corridors, and stairs dictated by the use of the building. Layout documents that were initially made allowed design determination of spacings in inches or millimeters, load paths, and floor-to-floor heights (He et al. 2021). As for the layout, it was logical to divide the design into a 6-meter by 6-meter grid to reduce material waste and to ease the construction process. Although the design followed any of the grid systems due to the ease of the design.

Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) has been used for the design of the structures while Eurocode 1 (EN 1991) was used for load assessment. Superimposed loads comprised of finishes and partitions, imposed loads for furniture (3.0 kN/m²) and wind loads which was by simplified procedures according to EN 1991-1-4 depending on the building’s height of exposure (Pregnolato et al. 2022). Lateral stability was maintained through the presence of rigid moment connection together with the braced bays that were also located in the area of stair cores.

The following floor system was used, consisting of the profiled sheeting with the carpet concrete topping of concrete. This made it possible to use longer spans and lesser floor depth which improved the clear height and diminished total steel quantity. Beams were designed with shear studs to cause a combination of steel and concrete effectively.

Engineering to the specified requirements of Part K and Part M was also taken into account for implementation. Stairs and particularly, the geometry of the stair’s balustrading was calculated following the K1 requirement related to the building while the loading was checked as well (Giorgi et al. 2022). From Document M, one was able to tell the ways through which doors, corridors, and circulation areas were arranged to ensure that they could be accessed by wheelchair users.

To ensure the structural elements interior and exterior beams, columns, walls, etc were modeled and checked with the help of Tekla Structural Designer and critical sections were provided by performing manual checks (Zhao et al. 2022). It was also applied to explore serviceability issue such as deflection and vibration due to occupancy loads. Integration with architectural and service layouts ensured that structural design helped in the spatial application and regulation requirements.

Conclusion

Concerning the structural design of the two-story building, the proposed layout proves the architect’s attention to the engineering requirements, safety, and various regulations. The benefits this particular type of construction material embodied can be determined in the areas of versatility, speed, and structural efficiency that is appropriate for the learning institution. Some of the critical features that were arrived in the architectural design for material economy and serviceability and loads include a 6m x 6m grid used in the construction and composite steel-concrete floors. Eurocodes in loading conditions and behavior helped to emphasize structural load levels to enable it to meet the necessary force both vertically and horizontally.

Some of the points that were crucial for the project’s outcome included the incorporation of both Approved Document K and M for safe use and accessibility. Stairs, balustrades and barriers were shaped to facilitate the protection of people from falls following Document K, while door width, circulation space and accessible route were shaped in compliance with Document M to enhance the concept of inclusive design. These has been incorporated right from the planning phase and integrating them into the structure without affecting the architectural design was achieved.

Reference List

Journals

• Giorgi, S., Lavagna, M., Wang, K., Osmani, M., Liu, G. and Campioli, A., 2022. Drivers and barriers towards circular economy in the building sector: Stakeholder interviews and analysis of five European countries policies and practices. Journal of cleaner production, 336, p.130395.
• He, R., Li, M., Gan, V.J. and Ma, J., 2021. BIM-enabled computerized design and digital fabrication of industrialized buildings: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, p.123505.
• Pan, Y., Zhu, M., Lv, Y., Yang, Y., Liang, Y., Yin, R., Yang, Y., Jia, X., Wang, X., Zeng, F. and Huang, S., 2023. Building energy simulation and its application for building performance optimization: A review of methods, tools, and case studies. Advances in Applied Energy, 10, p.100135.
• Parsamehr, M., Dodanwala, T.C., Perera, P. and Ruparathna, R., 2023. Building information modeling (BIM)-based model checking to ensure occupant safety in institutional buildings. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8(6), p.174.
• Pregnolato, M., Gunner, S., Voyagaki, E., De Risi, R., Carhart, N., Gavriel, G., Tully, P., Tryfonas, T., Macdonald, J. and Taylor, C., 2022. Towards Civil Engineering 4.0: Concept, workflow and application of Digital Twins for existing infrastructure. Automation in Construction, 141, p.104421.
• Towler, G. and Sinnott, R., 2021. Chemical engineering design: principles, practice and economics of plant and process design. Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Wang, Z.H., 2023. A survey of factors and life cycle assessment in selection of green construction materials. Journal of Computational Intelligence in Materials Science, 1, pp.023-033.
• Zhao, J., Feng, H., Chen, Q. and de Soto, B.G., 2022. Developing a conceptual framework for the application of digital twin technologies to revamp building operation and maintenance processes. Journal of Building Engineering, 49, p.104028.
• Jiang, R., Wu, C., Lei, X., Shemery, A., Hampson, K.D. and Wu, P., 2022. Government efforts and roadmaps for building information modeling implementation: Lessons from Singapore, the UK and the US. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 29(2), pp.782-818.
• Megahed, N.A. and Ghoneim, E.M., 2021. Indoor Air Quality: Rethinking rules of building design strategies in post-pandemic architecture. Environmental research, 193, p.110471.