Explore how sleep disorders impacts academic performance, mental health, and well-being of international students, while identifying key factors, effective strategies for managing and improving sleep patterns.
Sleep disorders, including insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and sleep apnea, significantly impact the academic, mental, and physical well-being of students. International students, in particular, face challenges such as homesickness, cultural adjustment, and academic pressure, which often disrupt their sleep patterns. Understanding and addressing sleep disorders is crucial to improving students’ overall health, academic performance, and daily functioning.
Sleep disorder refers to the condition that changes and disturbs the normal sleeping pattern of the individual. It also refers to sleep-wake disorder, which involves problems related to sleep timing, amount, and quality of sleep that lead to impairment in functioning and increase overall daytime distress (Streatfeild et al, 2021). Sleep is a crucial requirement for the effective functioning of the brain, and poor-quality sleep or not getting enough sleep creates a huge impact on the overall well-being and growth of students. To manage academic pressures, using an assignment help service allow students to manage workload and stress, while also emphasizing the significance of maintaining good sleep habits which highlights the importance of maintaining good sleep patterns alongside academic responsibilities. Most common sleep disorders include restless legs syndrome, insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea. It has identified that there is increasing preference of Student towards studying Australia due to excellent education system, laid back nature and high standard of living. In year 2024, over 700000 students reached Australia for their higher year study. It has determined that over there is increasing mental, physical and emotional health issue within them. On the basis of survey, it has determined that sleep disorder is one of the major issue due to which international students are not able to effectively adjust in the Australia which ultimately impact on their overall well being.
In the current time, over 25% to 40% of total children and teenagers suffering from the issue of sleep disorder. Further, it has determined that 57.6% of international students are suffering from sub threshold insomnia within Australia. Also, 60% of total international students are suffering from severe restless legs syndrome. There are large numbers of factors that are causing sleep disorder issue within international students of Australia. From the previous studies, it has identified that 67.2% individuals believes that psychological problem is major reason behind increasing sleep order (Issue of sleep disorder in Australia, 2024). Moreover 64.8% of total population believes that international student generally faces high amount of stress due to distance from family, isolation and managing their routine which increase issue of sleep disorder. Along with this, it has determined that 30.2% of total student above the age of 15 years are prone to smoking which is another reason behind increasing sleeping issue within students (Causes of sleep disorder, 2023). Beside this, it has identified that there is increasing rate of depression within international students that has also result in causing sleep disturbance within them. Depression and anxiety has also been increased due to increasing academic pressure leading to impacting on sleep cycle of student. Moreover, sleep disorder within international student are generally caused due to homesickness as they feel lonely and isolated in new country which leads to developing situation of depression and sadness within them. Along with this, it has identified that there is high trend of working late night shift within international students that also result in impacting on their overall sleeping cycle. Further, It has identified that technology development is another major causes of increasing sleeping disorder within international students.
It has identified that over 70% of total teenager are having habits to use social midi before slapping which ultimately impact on their overall sleeping cycle. Moreover, inadequate dietary habits and obesity is another major cause behind increasing issue of sleeping disorder within students. It has been determined that sleep disorder is causing very serious health issue within students such as heart diseases, heart attack, irregular heartbeat, stroke, high blood pressures, diabetes and heart failure which ultimately impact on overall physical health of students. Beside this, sleep disorder is another crucial reason behind increasing diabetes and obesity cases within student and it also increases risk of developing various chronic diseases. Moreover, it has been identified that sleep disorder creates huge impact on overall academic level of students. Due to this issue student are unable to remain attentive at universities, face issue in learning and memorizing which ultimately impact on their overall academic growth. Along with this, sleep disorder also has huge impact on overall behaviour of the student as it causes irritation and annoyances within them.
Further, the research has also outlined the fact that having enough sleep is essential for the successful working and maintenance of the health of the person. To have good health, it is necessary that sleep is important and, ultimately, overall working is improved. Having minimum sleep is needed for the person because it helps in managing, maintaining and regulating the appetite well and having a good metabolism also, the hormonal and cardiovascular functioning will also be improved (Meaklim et al, 2020). Hence, for this, the effective type of sleep must be maintained by the people so that the overall working can be improved and ultimately they can manage and maintain a good and healthy life. Moreover, in case there is too little or too much sleep, then it can increase the chances of getting infected with different types of diseases. This includes diseases like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, death, coronary heart disease and many other different types of diseases, which can impact the working and learning of the person to a great extent. Moreover, the study includes the findings that the quality of sleep and the length of sleep are directly related to life satisfaction and whether the student is satisfied or not.
Further, another study published in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health included a study on 1234 young people from Western Australia's Raine Study. This is the first type of study which is being implemented to investigate the quality of sleep health among adults and how this is affecting their health. The study highlighted that 30 % stated that they are sleeping less than 7-9 hours at night. Also, 18 % of them stated that they take nearly 30 minutes more time to fall asleep. Also, 60 % of them agreed that they lack regular sleeping hours and as a result, they are facing the issue of sleep disorder (1 in 4 young Australians aren’t satisfied with their sleep, 2023). Also, the study highlighted that most young people were not satisfied with their sleeping patterns and as a result of this, they are facing different types of health issues and also are having impaired daytime alertness and distress.
Moreover, the finding of this study highlighted that both physical and mental health scores were lower for the people during the day as the people slept less than the required amount of sleep. Along with this, past studies have shown that poor sleep is also related to the development of chronic health conditions and other cardiovascular diseases as well. Thus, it is very necessary to effectively try to manage the work and ensure that the effective type of sleeping disorder is improved so that the overall work is working in a better manner. Thus, the current study will be analysing enhancing knowledge well and, ultimately, the sleeping issue can be solved effectively. To have a better and good life, the appropriate sleeping disorder must be managed so that the person can effectively manage the work and can lead a happy and successful life (McArdle et al, 2020). When the sleep of the student is fulfilled well, then it will improve the overall efficiency, and ultimately, the capability of the student will be improved. Thus, as a result of this, the efficiency needs to be improved, and ultimately, the student will be more active and will be participating in a much better manner.
The current dissertation is based on the impact of Sleep disorder on overall academic, mental and physical well being of the student. It has identified that over 824951 international students are studying within Australia among which 57.6% of total population are facing issue related to sleep disorder (Number of International students, 2024). It has identified that there is increasing trend of undertaking education from outside home country due to high quality of education facilitates, high growth opportunities and to gain high level of experiences. However. This trend is also results in causing various serious mental, physical, social and emotional impacts on student. Further, international students faces issue in adjusting with different culture, tradition, mindset, beliefs of new country that increases their overall stress level. This contributes to the growing concern of Sleep Disorder in International Students. In the current time there is increasing trend of night parties, sports events, increasing use of technology and social media which has resulted in impacting on overall sleep cycle of students (McArdle et al, 2020). Further, student from other countries feel isolated which increases level of anxiety and ultimately leads to disturbing their overall sleeping cycle. Further, sleeping disorder is never ending cycle which creates issue for student to easily to manage their routine task and ultimately creates issues in adequate attaining overall goals and objective. Therefore it is crucial to identify overall impact of sleep disorder on the well being and growth of international students. Thematic analysis will be used to shed light on the influence of the sleep disorder on overall mental and physical health of students.
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Further, the reason for the selection of the current research topic is that currently, the lifestyle of the people is also impacting the working greatly. This is because of the reason that when the effective type of the environment is not good, then it will be affecting the efficiency of the people greatly. So this research will assist in making the work better and trying to improve the capability of the student to learn better and improve the issue with sleep (Fronek et al, 2021). This is necessary for the reason that when the effective type of sleep disorder is improved, then it will enhance the working capability of the student, and they will learn better. Moreover, it will enhance the working capability and, ultimately, the efficiency of the student to learn in a better manner. However, the current study will also emphasise the fact that how working can be improved, and in case sleep cannot be managed well, then it will greatly affect the health of the person.
Moreover, the reason for selecting the current research topic is to analyse and record all the trends relating to the sleeping disorder so that awareness can be created relating to the ways of managing and minimising the negative effects of the sleeping disorder and irregularity. Along with this, the reason for the selection of the current research topic relating to sleeping disorders among international students is the academic and personal interest of the researcher (Xing et al, 2020). The researcher needs to analyse and evaluate the changes and trends which are prevailing within the environment. Hence, this current study will assist the scholar in enhancing the knowledge relating to the trends which are prevailing in the current environment and the measures through which sleeping disorders can be managed effectively.
Aims:
The aim behind initiating current study is to ascertain the influence of Sleep disorder on overall well being of International student within Australia.
Objectives
A sleep disorder is defined as a problem which relates to the time, quality and amount of sleep which the person requires but is not getting. It may also referred to as the conditions that can lead to changes in the way a person sleeps. This is particularly for the reason that when the person is having any of the issues, then this can lead to sleep disorder, and ultimately, the working and well-being of the person is impacted greatly (Williams et al, 2023). It can also be termed a sleep-wake disorder, and this can also result in creating other mental health conditions as well. These other conditions include issues such as anxiety, depression, cognitive disorder and many other different types of mental health issues.
All these issues are the result of the sleep disorder, and this can affect the mental health of the person greatly. In general, a sleep disorder is a situation wherein the person does not get enough sleep, and because of this, the overall working and, mental and physical health and well-being of the person is impacted. Having a high sleep disorder is not good and can create issues with the quality of life. This is because of the reason that when the effective type of sleep is not taken by the person, then the most common effect is created on the schedule of the person and the quality of life of the person. It is due to the reason that when sleep is not completed, then it will affect the brain of the person and will not be able to have a calm mind.
For a student, particularly effective sleep must be undertaken. This is necessary because when the required amount of sleep is not implemented, then it may create an impact on the working and health of the person. The most common effect on the working of the student life is that their thinking and perception are impacted. The reason underlying the fact is that when effective sleep is not taken by the student, then their mind is not in active mode, and they will not have enough capability to think effectively, and their learning can be impacted. Moreover, another problem associated with sleep disorder is that it can create negative effects on physical health, working performance and capability (Binjabr et al, 2023). The reason behind the problem is that when the person is not capable of managing sleep, then it can create a major effect on the mental and emotional well-being of the person. Thus, it creates issues in thinking capability, and they are unable to manage the working well. Also, currently, the lifestyle of the people has changed, and students are much more involved in using mobile and other social media platforms. Thus, this creates issues relating to sleeping disorders, as students tend to use phones at night, and as a result, they do not sleep on time.
Thus, as a result of this, overall work is affected, and people are not able to manage their sleep and are unable to work the next day. So it creates a negative impact on the working of the person and their mind. Moreover, the working capability is also affected greatly and ultimately, the efficiency of the student is impacted to a great extent (Roitblat et al, 2020). Another problem associated with sleeping disorders is that the dietary and other food intake also impact the sleep disorder, and it can affect the working capability greatly. This is necessary for the reason that when the effective type of food and nutritious food is not followed by the person, then their capability will be impacted to a great extent.
The current study is based on analysing the sleeping disorder and how it is affecting the well-being of students. So, the present study is based on evaluating and analysing the issues that a person with a sleeping disorder may face. The current study is of significance to students living all over the world. The reason underlying the fact is that every student faces a similar kind of issue, and as a result of this, the overall efficiency is affected (Cook, Hippmann and Omerovic, 2020). Thus, the findings of the current study can also be applied by students in other countries as well. The present study will firstly analyse the different types of sleep disorders which the students, in general, can face. It is due to the reason that when the student or the person knows the different aspects relating to different types of sleep disorders, then they can relate whether they have any disorder or not.
With the help of this knowledge, the person can relate what symptoms are present in them, and it relates to which type of sleeping disorder. Moreover, the present study will also outline the effects and impact of the disorder which is created on the academic, physical, mental and other well-being of the student. Thus, by analysing the findings of the present study, the students can relate to and check whether there are similar kinds of impacts and symptoms faced by them or not (Mulyadi et al, 2021). This will increase the knowledge of the students relating to the symptoms they may face while having the issue of sleeping disorder. Moreover, this will help the students understand what different symptoms they may face while working on the project, and ultimately, the overall capability will be impacted.
Along with this, the study will also be analysing and exploring the different types of strategies and ways of overcoming this issue of sleep disorder and trying to improve the working life. Hence, with this section of the study, the students can evaluate and understand the different ways through which sleep disorders can be managed well and overcome the negative effects of working. So it can be stated that the current type of study is significant to the students residing all over the world and can use the findings of the present study to understand the sleeping disorder and try to make use of the resources and strategies for managing and minimise the negative effects of the sleeping disorder (Seoane et al, 2020). However, the current study and its significance is for the parents and guardians of the student as well. This is because of the reason that by using the present study, the parents can also analyse the symptoms and check whether their children are also having such type of symptoms and then corrective actions can be taken so that better management of the learning can be done.
In addition to this, the current study is also of significance to the other scholars and researchers who are conducting the study on a similar topic. This is because of the reason that when the researcher is making use of the current study as a base for their research, then they will have more ideas for making their research better (Gilbertson et al, 2021). Thus, the current study will provide a proper base for the scholars working on a similar research topic. Moreover, this study is also of significance to every person other than students. This is because of the reason that any person can face the issue of sleep disorder. Thus, the findings of the present thesis can be used and followed by all the people well.
The literature review explores existing research on sleep disorders and their impact on international students. It examines the prevalence of various sleep disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome, and identifies the key factors contributing to these issues, including academic pressure, cultural adjustment, and lifestyle changes. This review also highlights the consequences of poor sleep on students’ mental, physical, and social well-being, providing a foundation for understanding the challenges faced by this population and informing strategies to manage and improve sleep health.
The literature review is defined as the concept which includes the analysis and evaluation of the published information relating to a particular kind of the subject or the research area. It includes an evaluation of the views of different authors and scholars relating to the research topic so that the analysis can be done well. Every topic has both positive and negative sides, and also every person is different in perception. Thus, all the people have different types of opinions and within the literature review, the opinion of different authors is assessed so that the overall base for the research can be developed. In the present case, the sleeping disorder and its prevalence among the students is more and analysing the different articles and other publications will help in increasing the knowledge of the research topic broadly. The current literature review will include the evaluation of the different types of sleep disorders which the student may face and the recent trends relating to the sleeping disorder. Moreover, the analysis and evaluation of these types of sleeping disorders and their impact on the overall well-being of the employees will be analysed by referring to the different articles, books, journals and other publications. Moreover, the current literature will also be analysing and evaluating the different strategies which can be effectively used by the students to overcome the issue of sleep disorder and improve their well-being.
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In the study of Alrashed, et al, (2022) significant insights regarding sleeping disorder have been witnessed, Specifically, research on Sleep Disorder in International Students highlights to that condition which impacts quality, timing and amount of sleep. Sleep-wake disorders often develop due to an underlying medical conditions and mental health complexities such as anxiety, depression and other cognitive disorder. Psycho-psychological factors playing pivotal role in the wellbeing of students, sleeping habits and stress levels consistently gets changed specifically for international students and this impacts them in negative manner. Increased stress levels impact academic performance of students and often reduces their morals to greater extent. Sleep proves to be a necessary condition for enhancing mental health of individuals and further it is an important domain in obtaining better academic performance. On the other hand, Cheung et al, (2021) stated that poor sleep quality among students has become a concerned public health issue around all over world.
There are different types of sleeping disorders such as insomnia, sleep apnea, Circadian rhythm disorders, Movement disorders and Parasomnias. Lack of sleep is further known as insomnia; it is characterised by hard time falling or staying sleep and feeling drowsy. This is the most common sleeping disorder persisting to greater extent. Statistical estimation has shown that approximately 33% to 50% students within higher education are suffering from the different types of sleeping disorder while insomnia remains at top (Trosman and Ivanenko 2024). The frequent choking and breathing interruptions impacting sleep quality and oxygen level and this is recognised as sleep apnea.
As said by Arzani-Birgani et al, (2021) Circadian rhythm disorder develops when an individual's body clock does not work correctly or syncing with day and night. Extreme daytime sleepiness, decreased alertness and facing problems with memories and decision-making abilities considered as the symptoms of Circadian rhythm disorder. Movement disorders associate with restless leg syndrome within legs and feet; this result in leg cramps and bruxism and further results in creating issues with sleep. Parasomnias comprised with uncontrollable sleep episodes which also involve walking in sleep, hallucination, sleep paralyse and night terror. These are the major sleep disorders persisting to greater extent. However, Carrillo and Núñez (2024) revealed that insomnia is at the forefront of sleeping disorder and this is significantly impacting internation students within higher education context. Students falls under the category of vulnerable risk group as they face varied situation in their academic life which develops stress for them. Students gets chance to move in other cities and they do not have parental control and as a result, they choose their own bedtime. Further, students suffer from academic stress and they awake late at night for completing their projects and this lead to create extreme burden on them.
In the findings of Alqudah et al, (2022) it was reviewed that around 69% of students are experiencing insomnia and this is leading to develop drastic impact on the mental health of students and there is need to develop significant focus on this area so that correct actions can be taken on time and issues could be resolved. There is complex interplay of factors witnessed compromising sleep health; academic pressure is universal stressor within higher education setting. Pressure related to meeting unfamiliar grading system, adopting new technologies and competing with native English-speaking peers increases anxiety in students and creates utmost pressure on them. There is positive correlation has been witnessed among academic workload, academic stress and incidence of insomnia symptoms among international students. Whereas, Brown et al, (2024) stated that cultural adjustment has been presenting another significant challenge that is impacting sleep quality of people. The process of acculturation comprised with adopting new cultural norms, values and social expectations that can be inherently stressful. International students are often experiencing cultural shock, homesickness and sense of isolation. This also lead to create major complexities for students and often lead to sleep issues. The disruption in the established routines comprised with dietary habits and social activities results in sleep disturbance (Sivertsen et al, 2021). Furthermore, it has been identified that different culture preferences and beliefs that comprised with sleep hygiene also playing crucial role in this context. For example- variations in preferred sleep-wake schedules, napping habits and bedtime ritual might clast with dominant cultural norms of host country and results in sleep deprivation and social jetlag.
In the perception of Liu et al, (2021) language barriers representing unique source of stress for international students, specifically those who are from non-English speaking background. They face certain difficulties while engaging in lectures, participating in class discussion and completing any kind of written assessment. This results in creating huge anxiety and frustration for them and impacts their mental health conditions to greater extent and this further influence sleeping pattern of students. Language barriers hindering social interaction and limiting access towards support services that exacerbating feeling of loneliness and vulnerability. On the other hand, Hershner et al, (2021) stated that cognitive effort is important to processing the information within non-native language and this further contributes in mental fatigue and impaired cognitive functions that can disrupt sleep pattern. From the literature it has been evident that English Proficiency Score are more likely to report the symptoms of insomnia and daytime sleepiness. The anxiety is further associated communication difficulties and leading to hyperarousal; this is leading to create difficulty in terms of relaxation and falling asleep. Beyond these primary factors there are other variables that are contributing in sleep disturbance among international students and this involves financial concerns, visa anxieties, discrimination, environmental factors and dietary changes. Extreme noise also makes it difficult for students to implement a sleep pattern and creates drastic impact on their mental wellbeing (Ercan et al, 2021). Therefore, it is important to imply focus on these areas so that appropriate action can be taken and consistent support could be ensured to students who are suffering from sleep disturbance.
Thus, there are varied factors which are contributing in sleeping disorder among international students. Environment at higher education setting also plays pivotal role in disturbing the sleeping pattern of students. For example- If educational setting focuses on implementing inclusive environment, then, this lead to create positive impact on students and further develops sense of belongingness in them. On the other hand, when higher educational setting does not adhere with inclusive environment then, there are higher chances of discrimination with students that leads to create negative thoughts and further decreases self-esteem of students (Lin et al, 2022). Insomnia is primarily due to depression in students and the cause of depression associates with academic pressure, discrimination, bullying, negative environment at setting, increasing competition and sense of failure in students. Learners who are from non-English background often fears that they might fail if they do not achieve set academic standards and this creates pressure on them which leads to huge stress and depression. As a result, they complete their project by awaking at night and this disturbs their sleep pattern. It is important to provide consistent support to international students as they belong from different background and they face varied issues as well (Kang et al, 2021)). There needs must be analysed and further tutors must undertake one by one session for motivating them and awareness related to fixing sleep pattern should be developed.
In the views of Christodoulou et al, (2023) it has been witnessed that academic pressure is creating major burden on students and increasing competition and increasing competition developing consistent pressure on them and therefore, significant focus requires to be implied on this area so that effective outcomes could be gained and appropriate support can be ensured to students. Merrill (2022) stated that there are further other causes leading to sleep deprivation; impact of sustained wakefulness on driving performance is compared to impairment of performance. Sleep deprivation in combination with alcohol found to be a synergistic determinant impacting driving performance of student. Further author signified that depression and sleep are interrelated with each other a cardinal feature of depression in disturbance in sleep. In higher education setting students depression has become common; insufficient sleep can lead to increase depressive symptoms and this cycle keeps going on consistent note. Improving sleep pattern contributes in improvement of depressive symptoms. On the other hand, Özduran and Yücecan (2024) revealed that insertion of new technologies transformed cultural habits and lifestyle of students in worldwide. The group of students has been suffering from huge sleep deprivation and this poor sleep quality is further linked with internet addiction. Using internet devise in late night and increasing brightness of system causes challenges related to sleep patterns. The impact of insomnia of academic performance is drastic. The mean cumulative grade point average [CGPA] of insomniac student was found to be lower by 0.04 in comparison to the students who have fixed sleep pattern.
As said by Khoshakhlagh et al, (2023) varying level of insomnia has been witnessed in students due to different factors; although; sleep disorders are associated with negative academic performance and disturbed quality of life. This is creating drastic impact on mental health of students and further leading to reduce their self-esteem to greater extant. In order to overcome the issue; student should set a regulated sleeping time as it supports in combating insomnia. Also, there is need to avoid using social media before going to bed and further adopting relaxing techniques supports in overcoming sleeping issues. The major issue aligned with sleep disorder is that it is leading to lower grade point; lack of sleep reduces cognitive abilities within students and this often results in lower grades. Zhang et al, (2021) stated that lack of sleep impacting mood, energy levels and ability to focus and concentrating; all of these components directly impacting students’ performance within higher educational setting. This is creating significant issue in this area and appropriate focus requires to be implemented so that consistent supports can be assured to students and their academic performance can be increases.
However, Ohayon and Roberts (2021) stated that students who leaves far from their family struggles with sleep disorder as they face discrimination in colleges. Due to different culture, race and ethnicity they subjected to discrimination and this lead to create negative impact on their mental health and impacts their sleep pattern. Student often overthinks in night and experiences homesickness. Such type of incidents impacts the whole sleep pattern of students and further leads to lower self-esteem. In educational institution; strict actions must be taken in this area; root causes must be evaluated and assessed and accordingly, action should be taken. For instance- by implementing strict policy related to discrimination such incidents can be reduced and this results in reducing extent of overthinking and sleep disturbance in students.
The contextual information has depicted that sleeping disorder creates drastic impact on students and their performance. There are different types of sleep pattern has been witnessed however; insomnia is most common disorder among students and this is creating negative impact on their mental health as well. Due to high academic standards individuals often feels stressed and this creates negative impact on their wellbeing further, they develop higher stress and anxiety which keeps them awake at night. This is a continuous cycle that develops significant issues for international students (Gruba et al, 2021). They leave far away from their home and due to this they are often not able to adjust in a new place, lack of interaction with people or bullying at college can results in creating mental health complexities for them and results in disturbing sleep pattern. Different culture has different preferences regarding sleeping pattern and this also creates drastic impact on individuals. For instance- individuals who follows Muslim culture has established sleep pattern that involves early bedtime and early wakeup time.
However, Cheong et al, (2021) stated that due to academic pressure or other environmental factor such as noise disturbance individual is not able to follow the cultural habit which led to develop stress for them and lead to insomnia. Disturbed sleep pattern reduces mental wellbeing of individuals and creates drastic impact on the academic results of students. It is important to imply focus on these areas so that consistent support can be ensured to international students (Khazaie et al, 2021). A holistic approach must be adopted that focuses on enhancing wellbeing of students while reducing the issues they are facing in academic context. Furthermore, it is important to create awareness regarding importance of scheduling sleeping time and following a schedule timetable. This supports in solving the complexities related to sleeping disorder.
According to view point of Fischer, D., McHill et al, (2020), sleep disorder has huge impact and this is particularly evident in studies focusing on Sleep Disorder in International Students. There is bidirectional relationship between sleep and mental health of individual as sleep disorder leads to exacerbation of mental health issues and also mental health is major factor causing sleep disturbance. There is unbreakable cycle of anxiety, bipolar disorder and depression that is caused due to sleep disorder. For example: It has depicted from past studies that 43% of total international students within Australia are facing issue of mental health issue. There are various behind such issues that includes loneliness, financial difficulties, cross cultural transition, discrimination, social interaction and lack of sleep. In support of above author, Kayaba et al, (2020) stated that Sleep disorder result in increasing overall anxiety and stress within students leading to impacting on overall mental health. It has identified that individual with sleep disorder generally have huge amount of Hormone cortical that results in persistent anxiety and thereby develop issue in managing stress. Further, students generally form self-fulfilling prophecy due to constant sleep disturbances that also contribute toward rising cases of insomnia. For example: On the basis of survey conducted by National Institutes of Health (NIH), it has determined that over 17% of total international student within Australia are suffering from Anxiety which leads to development of intrusive thoughts, excessive worry and lower focus that ultimately reduces overall academic scores.
Additionally, Mulyadi et al, (2021) confessed that there is strong relation between depression and sleep disorder that influences overall metal health of individual. International students generally experience poor sleep cycle due to homesickness, increasing academic pressures, changing environment, unclear immigration status, financial crisis, inequality and discrimination. Poor Sleep ultimately result in developing feeling of hopelessness and sadness which eventually end up increasing overall depression within students while individual generally face sleep disorder due to depression. This relationship develop a vicious cycle of sleep problem that ultimately leads to exacerbating system of depression and thereby leading to impacting overall mental health of students. Wang et al, (2020) explicated that sleep disorder also leads to impaired cognitive function which eventually impact on the overall mental health of individuals. It has determined that sleep is most crucial factor for cognitive process such as problem solving, memory consolidation, critical thinking and attention. In accurate sleeping pattern leads to impair overall cognitive functions that result in developing difficulties in making decision, recalling memory and remaining focused and concentrated. Further, inefficacy in utilizing cognitive processes result in developing feeling of inadequacy and frustration leading to impacting on overall mental health of the students.
Along with this, Maleku et al, (2022) articulated that sleep disorder also increases risk of developing mental health disorder which eventually impact on overall academic performance of the Students. From the past studies, it has identified that chronic sleep issue act as the starting point for causing mental health disorder within students. It has identified that the entire individual with long term insomnia are more prone to develop depression, mood disorder and anxiety thereby increasing risk of mental illness. For example: It has identified that more than 12% of total international students within Australia are suffering from chronic insomnia that increased risk of depression and anxiety within them. Moreover, on the basis of study conducted by NIH 80.5% of total international student define that homesickness is the major issue that leads to increasing depression within students. Student are required to adjust within culture of new country, need to be fully interdependent, fell isolated due to lack of friends and family members which ultimately results in distrusting sleep cycle an impact on their overall mental health.
Additionally, Hershner (2020) said that said that Sleep deficiency also creates issue in easily controlling overall behaviour and emotion of the individual that ultimately result in developing feeling of depression, risk taking behaviour and suicide. On the basis of survey conducted by Henry ford Health, it has identified that chronic insomnia for more than three month results in developing suicidal thought and thinking within individuals. This is generally occurred as due to lack of effect sleep an individual is unable to manage its mood that ultimately impairs one's capability to think and act rationally.
On the critical point of view, Alam et al, (2021) explicated that sleep disorder is not merely linked with the mental health condition rather it is have far reaching consequence on overall physical health of the international students. It has identified that poor sleep is one of the major reason behind increasing cases of obesity within student. Sleep disorder cusses a hormonal imbalance within body which promotes weight gain due to overeating. This lack of adequate sleep results in development of Leptin and ghrelin hormones within individual which lead to rising feeling of hunger. This results in undertaking higher amount of calories and thereby raises risk of obesity within them. For example: Among the entire student above age of 15, 54% of total students face issue of obesity which negatively influences their overall physical health. This situation has risen as there is difference in time lag of different countries which also creates issue for international student to adjust with changing environment. Further, student from different countries generally remain awake so that they could easily communicate with their family and friend residing in other country. This ultimately leads to hampering overall sleep cycle of student leading to increasing cases of obesity.
Beside this, Calderon et al, (2021) expressed that 57.7% of total international students in Australia are involved towards undertaking part time job as to manage their financial stability in the country. This creates constraints to easily study during day time due to which student generally remains awake at the night time. It has identified that disrupted sleep pattern results in increasing appetite which ultimately increases risk of obesity that impaired students to activity participant in large number of extra curriculum activities. Along with this, Pascoe, Hetrick and Parker (2020) articulated that poor diet and lifestyle is major factor that is increasing overall cases of obesity within students. In the current time, all the international students are having poor dietary habits as they are far away from their family which results in negatively impacting on the dietary habits. Moreover, there is huge change in the food taste of different countries due to which large numbers of students are not to receive required nutrients. For example; it has been depicted that over 122000 of students has visited Australian universities in year 2023 which are facing major issue in fulfilling their dietary needs. Indian student generally depend over frozen food product which eventually impact on their overall health condition. However, this difference in the foods availability also results in munching unhealthy food that eventually end up increasing obesity issue within students. This increases in obesity results in developing situation of depression and self- esteem that also impact on overall academic performance of students. Further, steak and chicken are highly consumed within Australia which also disrupts sleep as it requires huge amount of time to digest the same. This disruption in sleep creates various significant impact on student's health that eventually end up impacting on their overall well being.
Based on the view point of Martínez-de-Quel et al, (2021), sleep disorder also resulted in developing large number of cardiovascular diseases such as systemic hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, myocardial infraction which impaired physical well being of individual. Irregular sleep creates negative impact on overall diet; lifestyle and stress level of students that eventually raises risk of cardiovascular diseases. For example; Most of student within Australia are suffering from Hypersomnia which is the type of sleep disorder in which individual feel excessive sleepiness during day which also increases risk of heart diseases. Moreover, Carpi, Cianfarani and Vestri (2022) confessed that Sleep disorder is another reason behind increasing inflammation within body that ultimately elevates the risk of heart failure and diseases. Sleep apnea is generally caused due to ineffective sleeping that result in dropping blood oxygen level of the individuals. Further, individual experience various pauses while breathing that result in rising blood pressure and heart rate as it put additional strain on heart. This has also leads to reducing accurate transportation of oxygen to heart which ultimately increases risk of heart failure and diseases.
In support of this, Mandelkorn et al, (2021) articulated that lack of adequate sleep or sleep disorder also have huge impact on overall immune system of individual leading to increasing risk of catching various chronic diseases. It has identified that cytokines cells are developed during sleeping time of the individual which help in protecting them from large number of diseases. However, lack of adequate sleep reduces overall protective cytokine within body leading to increasing risk of catching germs. Also, there is reduction in number of cells and antibodies due to lack of adequate sleep which impair individual from effectively carrying out the entire task. For example: It has identified that there is huge amount of absenteeism rate within Asia Pacific International College (APIC) due to sickness. Lack of adequate sleep was major reason behind such absenteeism which eventually impact on student's academic success. Moreover, students are not able to remain attentive in classroom due to sickness which ultimately leads to lower academic scores. In addition to above findings Alyoubi et al, (2021) confessed that weak immune system also results in developing autoimmune disorders, blood disorder, abnormalities, inflammation and digestive issue within individuals which impact on their overall physical well beings. Moreover, it has identified that anaemia and diarrhea is most crucial health issue that are developed due to sleep disorder that resists students to easily attaining their goals. This has results in negatively influencing individual's academic growth as students are unable to concentrate on study and attain classes’ regular basis.
According to view point of Tasso, Hisli Sahin and San Roman (2021) it has been identified that Diabetes is another health issue which is caused due to inaccurate sleeping pattern of the individuals. From the study, it has identified that insomnia is one of the major factors causing type-2 diabetes within people. This disease generally occurred due to increasing level of stress, poor glucose metabolism and hormone abnormalities. It has identified that international student generally experience stress due to family problem, unfamiliar academic environment, poor academic relationship with tutor, language barriers, isolation, financial crisis and non availability of required resources. High stress leads to creating a cycle of sleep disorder which ultimately ends up causing huge amount of chronic diseases. In addition to above author, Duong (2021) stated that high stress level result in releasing of large number of hormones that ultimately end up rising overall blood glucose level within body. Further, high level of stress reduces number of insulin producing cells within panaceas which contribute towards development of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, it has identified that individual suffering from diabetes are unable to optimally utilise its cognitive thinking skill that leads to negatively impacting on overall academic success. On the basis of past studies, it has determined that diabetes has huge impact over attention, processing, memory and perceptual skills of the students that eventually hamper their academic growth.
Along with this, Schwartz et al, (2021) explicated that beside the choric diseases sleep disorder also has huge impact on overall movement of external organs of the individuals. It has identified that due to lack of sleep or apnea an individual is more prone to Restless legs syndrome (RLS) which results in leg jerking and restrict individual to freely move his legs. However there is positive relationship between both Sleep and RLS as individual is unable to sleep due to leg jerking and lack of sleep is major reason behind causing syndrome. For example; it has identified that student above the age of 18 are generally facing this issue due to poor nutrient in their diet. Moreover, this situation is generally caused due to exacerbated of magnesium in the body which restrict individual to remain focused and active throughout the day. On the other hand, Casagrande et al, (2020) explicated that Sleep disorder has huge impact on overall endocrine system of students which ultimately creates issue in controlling moods, working of organs and managing overall flow of hormones which negatively impact on overall physical health of students. It has identified that ineffective sleep result in increasing GH, Ghrelin level and increases issue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) that eventually end up developing endocrine disorder. Moreover, it has identified that endocrine disorder play a significant role in psychiatric manifestation issues such as anxiety mania, depression, suicidal thought, psychosis and eating disorder that eventually impact on overall well being of student.
Based on the perception of Jahrami et al, (2021) it has identified that Hypertension is another health issue that are encountered by individual with inaccurate sleep. On the basis of past studies, it has been identified that student which sleep for less than six hours usually face issue of high blood pressures. It has been believed that sleep help individual to manage hormones for controlling metabolism and stress level. However lack of efficient sleep causes swing in hormones which ultimately increases blood pressures and thereby result in increasing risk of heart diseases and scope of cardiovascular disease. In addition to this, Rathakrishnan et al, (2021) stated that individual with high blood pressure generally develop sleep apnea that create breathing issue while sleeping that eventually end up impacting on overall health condition of students. Further, it has identified that intentional student are more prone to tension and stressful environment as they are incapable in adjusting with changing environment, feel isolated, face issue in making friend and language barriers. This result in increasing scope of hypertension within student that eventually ends up impacting on overall well being and health condition of students.
According to view point of Alimoradi et al, (2021) stated that Sleep disorder also has huge impact on overall social life of the students which negatively influence on their overall well being. Based on the past studies, it has identified that sleep deprived individual feel lonelier and less concentrated over engaging with others and also ignores contacting with others that ultimately impact on their overall social life. Further, based on the study conducted by the Matthew Walker, it has identified that individual with sleep disorder are generally perceived as socially repulsive due to which they are not able to involved in social gathering leading to impacting on their overall wellbeing. Moreover, it has identified that social isolation is major reason behind sleep which result in developing vicious cycle that impact on overall health of individuals. In addition to this, Gualano et al, (2020) explicated that each individual aims at attaining their social goals and inefficiency in attaining the same leads to creating huge impact on their overall wellbeing. Student from different countries were already facing issue of isolation and homesickness and upon that if they are not able to develop adequate group of friend than it ultimately reduces their overall dissatisfaction. Lack of social gathering also develop situation of depression which results in negatively impacting on their overall involvement and academic growth.
Moreover, Bartoszek et al (2020) stated that sleep disorder also have huge impact on overall behaviour and mood of the student which ultimately result in developing feeling of social isolation. It has identified that individual generally feel angry, sad, loss motivation, short tempered, irritable, stressful and depressed due to lack of sleep that creates issue in effectively involved in social gathering. On the basis of study conducted by international student security on 200 international student from onshore in Australia, it has depicted that two third of total population has experienced isolation and social excluded in early months. This isolation has resulted in developing stress and anxiety within them that was major reason behind increasing the issue of sleep disorder. This ultimately results in impacting on overall mental health of student leading to negatively influencing their academic growth and development. On the contrary point of view Alimoradi et al (2022) stated that sleep disorder is also result in lowering reaction rate within student which creates issue in maintaining overall competitiveness in the university. It has identified that lack of sleep deprived individual to timely react on particular situation and taking necessary actions which increases risk of accidents. It has identified that major road accidents are caused due to lack of sleep which impaired reaction time and eventually hinder responses to stimuli. However, increase in reaction time creates huge impact on overall academic performs of the student. Due to lack of sleep, students are not able to carefully listen and understands point of view of lecturer and unable to quickly clarify their doubt that ultimately impact on their overall academic performance.
Moreover, Toscano-Hermoso et al, (2020) explicated that sleep disorder also creates huge impact on overall creativity aspect of the student which restrict them to successfully attaining their goals. It has identified that creativity is the most crucial element for each student as it help them to think outside box and introduce new, unique and innovative solution to the entire problem. Lack of sleep restricts brain to effectively carrying out its task which ultimately ends creativity of student leading to creating huge impact on overall development of student. Along with this, Liew and Aung (2021) stated that international students need to carry out their entire task by themselves due to which they are unable to get adequate time for study during day. However, for staying awakens at late night student generally consumer huge amount of caffeine's that is the major reason behind increasing sleep disorder within student. From the past studies, it has identified that consuming very high level of caffeine's result in pushing dopamine level too high that ultimately creates issue related to focus and concentration leading to negatively impact on overall academic performance of students. Moreover, Newbury et al, (2021) explicated that sleep disorder also has huge impact on overall quality of life of students which ultimately impact on their social well being. An individual with adequate routine schedule is able to involve in all the academic activities, extracurricular activities, manage its personal and social life which ultimately help in living a high quality of life. In adequate sleeping result in poor cognitive function, develop fatigues, poor concentration, sleepiness, irritability and lapses in memory which resists them to leave and high quality life.
Conclusion
Sleep disorders significantly affect the academic performance, mental health, and physical well-being of international students. Factors such as cultural adjustment, academic pressure, lifestyle changes, and homesickness contribute to disrupted sleep patterns, creating a cycle of stress and poor health. Addressing these issues is essential to enhance students’ overall quality of life, academic success, and social engagement. Effective strategies for managing sleep disorders can help students maintain better health and achieve their academic and personal goals.
References
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