Urinary Tract Infection And The Impact Of Resistance Assignment Sample

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Introduction

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) is one of the most prominent causes of illness caused by pathogens. It is caused by “Gram-positive”, “Gram-negative” bacteria, and fungi. Further, antibiotic resistance negatively impacts the cure of UTIs. The essay highlights a detailed description of UTIs, pathogens, antibiotic resistance, and different other aspects. In the first section of this essay, a classification of the UTIs followed by antibiotic resistance, and its challenges are discussed. Additionally, alternative therapies or antibiotics are stated.

Samples and instructional materials guide students toward better assignment construction and academic growth. Providing cheap assignment help with assured originality. The Urinary Tract Infection And The Impact Of Resistance Assignment Sample presents uUTIs/cUTIs pathogenesis, E.coli resistance mechanisms, AMR challenges, and alternative therapies. Learning reference exclusively.

Urinary Tract Infection And The Impact Of Resistance Assignment Sample

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Discussion

Analysing pathogenesis and classification of UTIs

According to Sher et al., (2024), UTIs is a common illness among all human beings, especially after the infection of the respiratory system. The author further informed that the presence of “microbial pathogens” causes UTIs. it is reported that 60% of the women are examined with UTIs (Sher et al., 2024). The pathogenesis of the UTIs is usually described by the intricate interplay between environmental factors, the host organism, and the causative agent. The “Urinary tract” is not a germ-free area for its colonisation by different kinds of microbiota of neighbouring parts.

The above figure demonstrates the UTIs that occur when bacteria from the rectum or skin enter the urinary track or the urethra (cdc.gov, 2024). It is argued by Sher et al., (2024), that UTIs is classified mainly into two categories such as complicated UTIs (cUTIs), and uncomplicated infections UTIs (uUTIs). The authors further remark that uUTIs are considered sensitive inflammations in the urinary tract which can be recurrent or sporadic and they generally can be seen in non-pregnant women who are not been diagnosed with any kinds of anatomical or functional abnormalities previously in their urinary system. On the other hand, it is stated that, unlike the uUTIs, pregnant women are mostly diagnosed with the cUTIs (Habak et al., 2024). In other words, it is a common disease among patients with functional or anatomical abnormalities.

It can be found from the above figure that the percentage of the uUTIs pathogens is higher than the percentage of the cUTIs pathogens (Mancuso et al., 2024). The diagram also reveals that “Uropathogenic Escherichia coli” bacteria is the major responsible factor behind the cause of both uUTIs as well as cUTIs.

Discussing the antibiotic resistance in UTIs

Antibiotic treatment is considered as the cornerstone of any kind of bacterial infection (Mareș et al., 2024). However, nowadays, antibiotic resistance is considered as a growing concern in the case of UTIs. The resistance of UTIs suggests the kinds of infections that occur when antithetical treatments do not work among patients with UTIs. It has been informed that 10% to 20% of women have faced “antibiotic resistance of UTIs” at some parts of their lives (antibioticresearch.org.uk, 2021). The “antibiotic resistance bacteria” tend to employ several types of strategies for avoiding the impacts of antibiotics. It mostly happens due to the uncritical use of antibiotics in healthcare practices.

The above figure showcases the way E. coli create resistance against antibiotics from which it can be witnessed that the bacteria activate the “efflux pump” [A] that leads to the decrease of the entry of drugs and antibiotics in the cells [B] (Sher et al., 2024). Further, it can also be seen that bacteria often tend to produce enzymes that make the antibiotic inactive [C] which is a key metric of antibiotic resistance. They produce the alteration of the binding site [D], and they create target protection protein [E] that leads to the resistance of the antibiotics. Besides E. coli, P. aeruginosa is also a prominent instance of antibiotic resistance in UTIs. Moreover, it can be said that antibiotic resistance is the most common factor in the cure of UTIs.

Emerging antibiotic resistance and its challenges

Antibiotic resistance often causes several challenges among human beings. As per the opinions of Sher et al., (2024), antibiotic resistance threatens paediatric patients which is caused by the inappropriate selection of antibiotics. It is further argued by Chinemerem Nwobodo et al., (2022), that the “World Health Organisation” has issued a warning stating that the world is “running out of antibiotics” which escalates the threat of resistance to antibiotics. It is a great challenge for clinicians to treat the infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance is also regarded as the top 10 threats to global public health (Chinemerem Nwobodo et al., 2022). The report by WHO further informed that “Antimicrobial resistance” (AMR) is responsible for approximately 1.27 million deaths in the world in 2019 (who.in, 2023). Therefore, it can be said that treatment failure is one of the most significant challenges of resistance that has contributed to the increase of the mortality, and morbidity rate worldwide. Several reasons contribute to this matter including the lack of awareness, and knowledge regarding the excessive use of antibiotics, lack of policies about drug development, misuse, and others. Moreover, the AMR and the resistance are the major barriers to the treatment of UTIs. Chinemerem Nwobodo et al., (2022), report that 64.89 thousand deaths occur due to bacterial AMR concerning UTIs. Hence, it can be said that antibiotic resistance and AMR are the major concerns in the treatment of UTIs.

Developing alternative therapies or antibiotics

By considering the challenges of antibiotic resistance along with the AMR, certain types of alternatives can be regarded. In order to mitigate AMR and antibiotic resistance, researchers often considered different kinds of therapies including probiotics, phage, and other kinds of therapies. As opined by Li et al., (2022), probiotics, especially “lacticaseibacillus” is most effective in preventing the UTIs. it is further discussed in this article that “lacticaseibacillus” plays a critical role in the “urogenital tract flora” of nutritious premenopausal women. In this way, it facilitates recovery of the “urogenital tract pathogens”. “Phage therapy” encompasses the intended application of the phages to combat bacterial infections (Olawade et al., 2024). However, this therapy is still in the experimental phase. These therapies play important roles in the treatment of UTIs in the case of AMR and antibiotic resistance. D-mannose is another influential treatment to treat UTIs. This blocks the activity of certain kinds of bacteria that cause UTIs. Besides, herbal remedies also help clinicians to treat UTIs in the context of AMR and antibiotic resistance such as the consumption of green tea, and garlic. Sher et al., (2024), state that different types of novel antibiotics are under development for responding the AMR UTIs. It is further informed that the “Ceftazidime-avibactam” antibiotic is approved for treating AMR UTIs (Daikos et al., 2021). Apart from that, “colistin”, “aztreonam”, and other kinds of alternative of antibiotics are used for the treatment of UTIs especially in the case of AMR and antibiotic resistance

Conclusion

It can be concluded from the discussion that UTIs nowadays is the most common disease, especially among women. The “Gram-positive”, “Gram-negative”, and fungi are responsible for the UTIs. The UTIs is categorised into two matters including cUTIs, and uUTIs. The former one is seen among pregnant women while the uUTIs is witnessed among non-pregnant women. In the treatment of UTIs, antibiotic resistance and AMR pose different challenges that lead to the failure of the treatment as well as the increasing numbers of morbidity. The E. coli, P. aeruginosa bacteria are the most prominent bacteria that contribute to the AMR. WHO has warned the world against antibiotic resistance. However, in response to the AMR, and antibiotic resistance, phage therapy, probiotics therapy followed by herbal remedies, and novel antibiotics such as “Ceftazidime-avibactam”, “colistin”, “aztreonam”, and others are used though the novel antibiotics are under -development.

References

• antibioticresearch.org.uk, 2021. About antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections. Available at: https://www.antibioticresearch.org.uk/patient-support/specific-infections/urinary-tract-infections-utis/#:~:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%20a%20regular%20UTI,do%20not%20often%20work%20against%20antibiotic%2Dresistant%20UTIs.&text=An%20antibiotic%20resistant%20UTI%20can%20then%20become,serious%20kidney%20infection%20(pyelonephritis)%20and%20even%20sepsis. [Accessed on 25th March 2025].
• cdc.gov, 2024. Urinary Tract Infection Basics. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/uti/about/index.html [Accessed on 25th March 2025].
• Chinemerem Nwobodo, D., Ugwu, M.C., Oliseloke Anie, C., Al‐Ouqaili, M.T., Chinedu Ikem, J., Victor Chigozie, U. and Saki, M., 2022. Antibiotic resistance: The challenges and some emerging strategies for tackling a global menace. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis, 36(9), p.e24655.
• Daikos, G.L., da Cunha, C.A., Rossolini, G.M., Stone, G.G., Baillon-Plot, N., Tawadrous, M. and Irani, P., 2021. Review of ceftazidime-avibactam for the treatment of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics, 10(9), p.1126.
• Habak, P.J., Carlson, K. and Griggs Jr, R.P., 2024. Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
• Li, X., Wang, Q., Hu, X. and Liu, W., 2022. Current status of probiotics as supplements in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 12, p.789063.
• Mancuso, G., Midiri, A., Gerace, E., Marra, M., Zummo, S. and Biondo, C., 2023. Urinary tract infections: the current scenario and future prospects. Pathogens, 12(4), p.623.
• Mareș, C., Petca, R.C., Popescu, R.I., Petca, A., Mulțescu, R., Bulai, C.A., Ene, C.V., Geavlete, P.A., Geavlete, B.F. and Jinga, V., 2024. Update on urinary tract infection antibiotic resistance—a retrospective study in females in conjunction with clinical data. Life, 14(1), p.106.
• Olawade, D.B., Fapohunda, O., Egbon, E., Ebiesuwa, O.A., Usman, S.O., Faronbi, A.O. and Fidelis, S.C., 2024. Phage therapy: A targeted approach to overcoming antibiotic resistance. Microbial Pathogenesis, p.107088.
• Sher, E.K., Džidić-Krivić, A., Sesar, A., Farhat, E.K., Čeliković, A., Beća-Zećo, M., Pinjic, E. and Sher, F., 2024. Current state and novel outlook on prevention and treatment of rising antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, p.108688.
• who.in, 2023. Antimicrobial resistance. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance#:~:text=Key%20facts,AMR%20has%20significant%20economic%20costs. [Accessed on 25th March 2025].